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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
A. Approach and Type Research Based on the place, type of this research is field research, and it uses quantitative approach. According to Creswell reported by Asmadi Asla explained that quantitative research is research that working with numbers, for which data are shaped numbers (scores and grades, rank, or frequency), which is analyzed using statistics to answer research questions or hypotheses that are specific, and to predict that a certain variable affects another variable.^1 According to Sugiyono, quantitative method is quantitative research methodology can be interpreted as a method that is based on the philosophy of positivism, is used examine the population or certain sample, the sampling technique is generally conducted randomly, using instrument research in collecting data , data analysis is form quantitative/statistics in order to test the hypotheses that have been set.^2
B. Identification of Research Variables Before collecting data and evaluation the data specified. Then the first identification of variables specified. In social and psychological research may not only relate to one variable only but also always mutually influenced by some other variables.^3 Definition of variable is constructs that its properties have been given numbers (quantitative) or can also be interpreted variable is a concept that has a variety of values, in the form quantitative or qualitative value can fluctuate.^4
(^1) Asmadi Asla, Pendekatan Kuantitatif Dan Kualitatif Serta Kombinasinya Dalam Penelitian Psikologi 2 , Pustaka Pelajar Offset, Jogjakarta, 2003, p.13. Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Pendidikan: Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R & D , ALFABETA, Bandung, 2012, p.14. 3 4 Saifuddin Azwar,^ Metode Penelitian , Pustaka Pelajar, Jogjakarta, 2007, p.60. Syofian Siregar, Statistika Deskriptif untuk Penelitian: Dilengkapi Perhitungan Manual dan Aplikasi SPSS Versi 17, Rajawali Pers, Jakarta, 2010, p 109-110.
A variable is a phenomenon that varies in form, quality, quantity, quality standards, etc.^5 Therefore, researchers need to identify the research variable. That are independent variable, dependent variable, and control variable. According to Jonathan Sarwono independent variable is a stimulus variable or variable that affect other variables. The independent variable is the variable that it variable is measured, manipulated, or selected by the researcher to determine its relationship with a symptom was observed.^6 While dependent variable is a variable that gives the reaction/response if connected with the independent variable. Dependent variable is the variable that it variable observed and measured to determine the effect caused by the independent variable.^7 Dependent variable is variable that is "influenced" by the independent variables.^8 Whereas other variable is control variables. According to Sugiyono, the control variable is a variable that is controlled or held constant so that the independent variable on the dependent is not influenced by external factors that are not researched.^9 Function of the control variables is to purify the result or effect relationship between the independent variables on the dependent variable from other variables.^10 Based on the theories and hypotheses, the researcher formulate some research variables, are:
- Independent Variable (X 1 ): Tawakkal
- Control Variable (X 2 ) : Self-Regulation
- Dependent Variable (Y) : Tendency of Procrastination
(^5) Burhan Bungin, Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif: Komunikasi, Ekonomi, Dan Kebijakan Publik Serta Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial Lainnya , Kencana Prenada Media Group, Jakarta, First edition, p.59. 6 Jonathan sarwono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif , Graha Ilmu, jogjakarta, 2006, p.54. 7 8 Jonathan Sarwono,^ Ibid,^ p.54. 9 Burhan Bungin,^ Loc. Cit,^ p. 62. Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Pendidikan: Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R & D , p.64. (^10) Tulus Winarsunu, Tulus, Statistik Dalam Penelitian Psikologi Dan Pendidikan, UMM Press, Malang, 2002, p.5.
C. Operational Definition Variables must defined operationally to seek the relationship between the other variables and measurement easily.^13 With the operationalization of these variables, will facilitate researchers to determine the measurement of the correlation among variables. An operational definition is a definition of the variables defined by the characteristics of the variables that can be observed.^14 According to Young in the quote Koetjaraningrat Reporting by Jonathan Sarwono said that the definition of an operational is a definition that is based on the observable characteristics of what is being defined or “changing concepts that form construct by words that describe the behavior or indication which can be observed and can be tested the truth by others”.^15 The operational definitions of the variables used in this research are:
- Tawakkal Tawakkal is resignation to all initiative or all effort either Inner or Dhohir made to Allah SWT., have right faith for power and the will of Allah SWT., and feel calm, peaceful, and happy for life both in the state good and in worse. The measurement of this variable is expressed with a tawakkal scale that is arranged based on a synthesis of tawakkal aspects by Ibn Qayyim, Amru Khalid, and Yu>suf Qard{awi also.^16 While which is used as a basis for making the tawakkal scale are: Submit all matters to Allah after try as much as possible, has a true belief about the power and the will of Allah SWT., and submit to Him, and have a sense of calm and peace under any circumstances.
(^13) Jonathan Sarwono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif , P.68. (^14) Saifuddin Azwar, Metode Penelitian , P. 74. (^15) Jonathan Sarwono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif, p. 68. (^16) This scale is adopted from researcher previosely, this scale has been tested back to different respondents. For more detail the scale see in Praptiningsih, Pengaruh Tawakal Terhadap Adversity Quotient Pada Santri Putra-Putri Pondok Pesantren Al-Ishlah Mangkang Kulon Tugu Semarang , Thesis, Fakultas Ushuluddin, IAIN Walisongo Semarang, 2013.
- Self-Regulation Self-Regulation is the ability of individuals which includes aspects of cognition and affection to plan, organize, execute, and evaluate all the plans that have been made for everyday life. The measurement of this variable is expressed on Self-regulation scale that is arranged based on charactheristic of self regulation by Schunk and Zimmerman’s theory.^17 While which is used as a basis for making Self- regulation scale are: motivation, planning, self-awareness, and behavior.
- Tendency of Procrastination Tendency of Procrastination is procrastinate behavior for something that is necessary and important to be resolved until the next day. The measurement of this variable is expressed on Procrastination scale that is arranged based on the procrastination charactheristic by Ferrari’s theory.^18 While the basis in making the procrastination scale are; Delay to start and complete the task ( Avoiding ), Doing anything else than completing the task ( Engaging In More Reward Activities ), and argue lack of time ( Escaping ).
D. Population and Sample
- Population Population has varied meanings. In social research, the population is defined as a group of subjects to be a generalization of research results.^19 According to Sugiyono population is generalization area consisting of: objects/subjects that have certain qualities and characteristics are determined by the researcher to be studied and then drawn conclusions.
(^17) This scale is adopted by researcher with consideration that the teory used is same with the charactheristic of the scale. See in Kumala Anatania Dharmawan, Manajemen Waktu Pada Mahasiswa Bekerja Ditinjau Dari Pengaturan Diri , Fakultas Psikologi Unika Soegijapranata, Semarang, 2011. 18 This scale is adopted by researcher with consideration that the respondent in this research have same charactheristic with the indicator of theory. See in Mia Kusumaatmaja, Prokrastinasi Dalam Menempuh Skripsi Ditinjau Dari Persepsi Terhadap Disipin Orangtua, Thesis, Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Katolik Soegija Pranata Semarang, 2010. 19 Saifuddin Azwar, Metode Penelitian , p.77.
E. Data Collection Method
Collecting data is a process of collecting data both primary and secondary in a research.^24 Collecting data is a systematic procedure and standards for obtaining the data that is got. Method of collecting the necessary data, there is always a correlation between the methods of data collection with the research problem that will be solved.^25 In this research using method scale that is often called the questionnaire. Questionnaire is an information gathering technique that enable to learn attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and characteristics of some main people in the organization who could be affected by the proposed system or by the existing system.^26 According to Sugiyono, questionnaire is a data collection technique is done by giving a set of questions or a written statement to the respondent to be answer.^27 In the questionnaire can be form a question/statement is open or closed. Whereas type of this questionnaire is closed questionnaire, the meaning is all questions that given to respondent is in the form of multiple choice. So, the type of this questionnaire is respondents were not given the opportunity to aks or give opinions.^28 An example of this questionnaire is the application of a Likert scale. Likert scale is a scale that can be used to measure the attitudes of opinion, and a perception of an object or certain phenomenon.^29 Scales that is used in this research is tawakkal scale, self-regulation scale, and procrastination scale. The item of scale is divided into two kinds of item, favorable and unfavorable item. Favorable is questions that is concomitant with statement, while unfavorable item is questions that is not concomitant with statement. Score for every item of scale is among 1-4, is as on table below:
(^24) Syofian Siregar, Statistika Deskriptif untuk penelitian: dilengkapi perhitungan manual dan aplikasi SPSS versi 17 25 , p.130. 26 Ibid. 27 Ibid.,^ p.132. Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Pendidikan: Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R & D , p.199. 28 29 Sofyan siregar,^ Loc.Cit.,^ p.133. Ibid, p.138.
Table. 3 Score of item answer Answer Favorable Unfavorable Symbol Very Accordance 4 1 S Accordance 3 2 T Not Accordance 2 3 J Very Not Accordance 1 4 P
The following are blue print of tawakkal scale which is synthesized from the provisions of tawakal aspects that based on Ibn Qayyi>m, Yu>suf Qard{awi>, and Amru Khalid.^30 And also blue print of Self-regulation scale and Tendency of Procrastination scale. For more detail can be seen on the table as below:
Table 4. Blue Print of Tawakkal scale before test
(^30) See the thesis written by Praptiningsih, Pengaruh Tawakal Terhadap Adversity Quotient Pada Santri Putra-Putri Pondok Pesantren Al-Ishlah Mangkang Kulon Tugu Semarang , Thesis, Fakultas Ushuluddin, IAIN Walisongo Semarang, 2013.
No. Aspects Indicator Item* Total Favorable Unfavorable
- Submit all matters to Allah after trying as much as possible
a. Perceiving or submit all his affairs b. Always inculcate in heart in the reliance on Allah SWT c. Rested the
*): It is the serial number of scale
Table 5. Blue Print of Self-Regulation scale before test No. Aspect Item* Total
Favorable Unfavorable
- Motivation 1,10,16 5,14, 24 6
- Planning 9,15,22 4,13,18 6
- Self-awareness 3, 17,19 7,12, 21 6
- Behavior 2,11,23 6,8,20 6
Total 12 12 24
*): It is the serial number of scale
Table 6. Blue Print of Tendency of Procrastination scale before test No. Aspect Item* total Favorable Unfavorable
- Delay to start and complete tasks (avoiding)
- Do other things than completing the task (engaging in more
ridha
d. The emergence of hope
Total 22 31 53
reward activities)
- Argue lack of time (escaping)
Total 18 18 36 *): It is the serial number of scale
F. Validity and Reliability Test Instruments Implementation of test held on 1-10 October 2013. Instruments tested on 50 respondents of college student in IAIN Walisongo Semarang, who have characteristics tendency procratination on taking thesis. But, the respondents are different with the true respondents.
1. Validity test According to Gay, an instrument said valid if the instrument used to measure what is to be measured.^31 Validity is a measure that indicates the levels of validity or the validity of an instrument. A valid instrument has high validity, otherwise valid instrument that less means having a low validity.^32 The validity of a research instrument is the degree that shows that a test measures what it intends to measured.^33 Whereas in this research uses the construct validity approach that is related to the validity of a measuring instrument's ability to measure understanding of a concept that measured.^34 While to determine the validity in this research uses Pearson correlation techniques that is correlate item scores with total score of the item. If the value of count is positive r ≥ r table, then the item can be said valid. In general, research in the field of science education using a significance level of 0.05 or 0.01. A validity coefficient is considered satisfactory or not depends on the user of scale. Validity of each scale item of tawakkal, self- regulation, and tendency of procrastination are using a significance level of p
(^31) Sukardi, Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan: Kompetensi Dan Praktiknya, p.121. (^32) Ibid , p.8. (^33) Ibid , p.122. (^34) Syofian Siregar, Statistika Deskriptif untuk penelitian: dilengkapi perhitungan manual dan aplikasi SPSS versi 17 , p. 163.
blocking.
e. Praying to Allah through devotions and prayer.
- Have true beliefs about the power and the will of Allah SWT., and surrender to Him
a. Knowing the law of cause and effect the affair that worked b. Strengthen the hearts with monotheism.
c. Have a good prejudice to Allah
- Having a sense of calm and peace in any condition
a. The emergence of power. b. Self-esteem
c. Attitude of ridha d. The emergence of hope
Total 14 8 26 5 53 *): It is the serial number of scale
Based on validity test that have done, for tawakkal, from 53 items there is 40 items that is valid and 13 items that is not valid. With limitation of significant of correlation coefficient is 0.005. Item is said valid when significant of correlation is < 0.005. Item is said not valid when significant of correlation is
0.005. Valid item of tawakkal is from 0.281 - 0.650. And not valid item of tawakkal is from 0,004 - 0.268. Whereas validity test of self-regulation scale that clarified valid and not valid as below:
Table 8. The result of Self-Regulation scale No. Aspect Item* Total
Favorable Unfavorable Valid Not Valid
Valid Not Valid
- Motivation 1,10,16 5,14, 24 6
- Planning 9,15,22 4,13,18 6
- Self-awareness 17 3, 19 12, 21 7 6
- Behavior 2 ,23 11 6,8,20 6
Total 9 3 11 1 24
*): It is the serial number of scale
Based on validity test that have done, for self-regulation, from 24 items there is 20 items that is valid and 4 items that is not valid. With limitation of significant of correlation coefficient is 0.005. Item is said valid when significant of correlation is < 0.005. Item is said not valid when significant of correlation is
Reliability is how far the measurement results by the instruments can be trusted or reliable.^35 Reliability same as consistency or constancy. A research instrument is said have a high reliability values when the tests were made have consistent results in the measure to be measured.^36 Reliability refers to the consistency and stabilization of specific outcomes measurement scale. Reliability concentrated on issues accuracy of measurement results.^37 According to Saifuddin Anwar, numeral of reliability are within the range 0 to 1,00. The higher of reliability coefficient closing on 1,00 means the higher the reliability and a low coefficient otherwise will be getting closer to the numeral 0.^38 Measuring the reliability in this research uses formula of Alfa Cronbach. Alfa Cronbach have done with how to calculate Alpha coefficient. Data is said reliable if r positive alpha and alpha > r table. For reliability test, researcher is helped by SPSS ( Statistical Product and Service Solution ) for Windows Release version 16. Based on reliability coefficient (α) of tawakal scale get 0.897 whereas reliability coefficient of self-regulation scale get 0.876, and reliability coefficient of procrastination scale get 0.896. The result of reliability test of instrument is below:
Table 10. Reliability Coefficient of Tawakkal , Self-regulation, and tendency of Procrastination scale. Scale Reliability Coefficient (α)
Category
Tawakkal 0.897^ Reliable Self-regulation 0.876 Reliable
(^35) Suryabrata S, Pengembangan Alat Ukur Psikologi , Andi Offset, Jogjakarta, 2000, p.29. (^36) Sukardi, Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan: Kompetensi Dan Praktiknya, Bumi Aksara, Jakarta, 2003, p.127. 37 38 Jonathan Sarwono,^ Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif ,^ p.100. Saifuddin Azwar, Skala Penyusunan Psikologi , Pustaka Pelajar, Jogjakarta, 2000, p.83.
Tendency of Procrastination
0.896 Reliable
3. Arranging scale to research with a new serial number After validity and reliability test the next step is to prepare the items valid, then redistributed to take the research data. Redistribution scales that used for this research can be seen in the following table.
Table 11. Blue Print of Tawakkal scale to research
No. Aspect Indicator Item* Total Favorable Unfavorable
- Submit all matters to Allah after trying as much as possible
a. Perceiving or submit all his affairs b. Always inculcate in heart in the reliance on Allah SWT. c. Rested the hearts to Allah and feel happy in his side. d. Submit the hearts fully to Him and banish whatever is blocking. e. Praying to
Table 12. Blue Print of Self-regulation to research No. Aspect Item* Total
Favorable Unfavorable
- Motivation 1 (1), 10 (8),16 (13) 5 (4),14 (11), 24 (20) 6
- Planning 9 (7),15 (12),22 (18) 4 (3),13 (10),18 (15) 6
- Self-awareness 17 (14) 12 (9), 21 (17) 3 4 Behavior 2 (2), 23 (19) 6 (5),8 (6), 20 (16) 5 Total 9 11 20 *) : It is the serial number of scale
- Serial number that signed ( ) is serial new number of scale Tabel 13. Blue print of tendency of Procrastination scale to research No. Aspect Item* Total Favorable Unfavorable
- Delay to start and complete tasks (avoiding)
- Do other things than completing the task (engaging in more reward activities)
- Argue lack of time (escaping)
Total 13 16 29 *) : It is the serial number of scale
- Serial number that signed ( ) is serial new number of scale
G. Methods of Data Analysis In this research, methods of data analysis that is used to seek correlation between tawakkal and tendency of procrastination to perceived self regulation on college students in IAIN Walisongo Semarang is Partial Correltion Technique. The calculation helped by Statistical Packages For Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows Release 16.
