1. Human Growth & Development Study Guide.pdf, Lecture notes of Human Development

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Human Growth &

Development

Comps Study Guide

Describe Erikson's 8 stages of development

Describe the basic precepts of the psychoanalytic and psychosexual development theory.

Based on the work of Sigmund Freud, the psychoanalytic theory postulates that all humans have instincts to satisfy their needs for food, shelter, and warmth. Satisfaction of these instincts produces pleasure and leads to the development of sexual drives, The two basic drives are sex and aggression or life and death. Freud divided human development into five stages: birth to 18 months, he designated as oral; 2 to 3 years, anal; 3 to 5 years, phallic; 6 years to puberty, latency; and puberty to adulthood he called genital. Incomplete development at any stage he called fixation. The stages are based on his belief that the child focuses on different areas of the body in each stage. These areas are known as erogenous zones and include the mouth, anus, and genitals. Psychological defenses that help a person control or prevent undesirable or inappropriate emotions or behaviors include denial, repression, suppression, projection, displacement, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, and sublimation. Castration anxiety and penis envy are psychological factors that can impact the personality. Other theories include the pleasure principle and the reality principle.

Piaget described the cognitive development of children using the key concepts of schemas, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration. To him schemas include both the categories of knowledge and the process by which the knowledge is obtained. Schemas change as new experiences add to knowledge. Assimilation is the adding of new information to existing schemas. Accommodation is changing existing s:hemas to fit new information and experiences. Piaget called the balance between assimilation and accommodation equilibration. Piaget's stages of cognitive development are: sensorimotor (birth to 2 years) during which the child learns about himself and his environment 1rough sensory perceptions and motor activities; preoperational (2 to 7 ears) in which language develops and the child is egocentric; concrete operational (7 to 11yeas) during which the child begins to think logically but still has trouble with abstract concepts; and formal operational (11 or 12 years to adulthood) during which the child develops the capability of logical thought, deductive reasoning and systematic planning.

Define the following terms:

• Empiricists
• Organicism
• psychodiagnostic

List the three levels and each stage of Kohlberg's theory.

Building on the work of Jean Piaget, John Dewey and James Mark Baldwin, Lawrence Kohlberg's studies of moral development led him to identify 3 levels of moral development with 2 stages within each level. (1) The Preconventional Morality level is the period in which a child is influenced by reward and punishment. In Stage 1- Obedience And Punishment Orientation, the child sees authority as handing down the rules on right and wrong. In Stage 2 - Individualism and Exchange, the child begins to perceive that there is not just one right way. (2) The Conventional Morality level is the period when the person strives to meet standards set by the family and society. The person is often a teenager by the time he or she reaches Stage 3 - Good Interpersonal Relationships. During this period the person is motivated by such feelings as love, empathy and concern for others. In Stage 4 - Maintaining the Social Order, the person becomes more concerned with society as a whole. (3) The Postconventional Morality Level is the period of selfaccepted principles. In Stage 5 - Social Contract and Individual Rights, the person begins to think about what makes a good society and what any society should value. In Stage 6 - Universal Principles, the person has a concern for justice and its impartial application to everyone.

Epigenetic theory states that an individual is formed by successive development of an unstructured egg rather than by the growth of a preformed entity. Kohlberg, Erikson and Maslow used epigenetic principles in developing their theories of human development. Cephalocaudal means from head to tail and can be used to refer to the head of a fetus developing before the legs. In vivo desensitization is a behavior therapy technique in which a person is gradually exposed to something he fears. Instinctual is an adjective derived from instinct and refers to behavior that is innate rather than learned. Ethology is the study of animals in their natural environment and makes use of Darwinian theory. Ethology research findings can be applied to humans as "comparative psychology." Psychometrics is the design, administration and interpretation of tests that measure intelligence, aptitude and personality characteristics. Psychopharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on psychological functions

Describe the basic elements of the Oedipus and Electra Complexes.

Describe Bowlby and Harlow's theories on

why attachment or bonding is necessary

for normal Development.

John Bowlby believes that bonding with an adult before the

age of three is vital if a person is to lead a normal social life.

According to him, the Jack of bonding, or a bond that is

severed during infancy, can cause abnormal behavior or

psychopathology. His opinion is that the mother should be the

primary caregiver for the child with the father in the role of

emotional supporter for the mother. Harry Harlow's Work with

monkeys led him to believe attachment to be an innate

tendency. He saw monkeys raised in isolation develop autistic

and abnormal behavior. Placing those monkeys with normally

reared ones could somewhat reverse those behaviors.

Centration in Piaget's preoperational stage is the focusing on one nature of an object while ignoring the rest of the object. An example could be seeing an alligator's teeth but not its eyes or nostrils. Egocentrism in Piaget's preoperational stage is a child's ability to see the world from only his own viewpoint The child's viewpoint is current and not influenced by remembering features or details seen at an earlier me. Epistemology is the theory of knowledge. Piaget was a genetic Epistemologist His theory was that children learn from their own actions and experiences with their peers rather than from adults. Symbolic schema is Piaget's term for language and symbolism becoming a part of play during the preoperational stage when the child two to seven years of age. This process allows a child to substitute an object for another, such as when a box becomes a car with a paper plate for the wheel.

Describe imprinting in terms of the work of Konrad Lorenz.