Download 10TH GRADE BIOLOGY End-of-Course (EOC) REVIEW and more Exams Molecular biology in PDF only on Docsity!
10TH GRADE BIOLOGY EOC REVIEW
Carbohydrates - correct answer CHO Monosaccharides Main energy source Ex. Sucrose, Glucose, Fructose. anything with suffix -ose. Lipids - correct answer CHO Glycerol Energy storage Ex. Cholesterol, Oils, etc... Protiens - correct answer CHON Amino Acids Cell function Ex. Elastin, Collagen Nucleic acid - correct answer CHONP Nucleotides (C T A G) Makes up DNA Ex. DNA, RNA What is the function of an enzyme - correct answer To speed up chemical reaction What analogy is used with enzymes and their substrates - correct answer A lock and key How do temperature and pH affect enzymes - correct answer Each enzyme has an optimum temperature and pH that allow it to be most active. Temperature will
generally speed enzyme action until it denatures the enzyme protein. pH changes beyond optimum will modify bonding in the enzyme and cause it to change shape. Why is water important to living things - correct answer Because it is a universal solvent Water is _____________(which mean it is + on one end and - on the other). - correct answer Neutral Cytoplasm - correct answer A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended Nucleolus - correct answer Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes Nucleus - correct answer Control center of the cell Ribosome - correct answer Makes proteins Vesicle - correct answer A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell. (Kind of like a shipping package) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - correct answer ER that is dotted with ribosomes Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - correct answer The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the folding of protein molecules in sacs called cisternae and the transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus. Golgi apparatus - correct answer A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
semi-permiable membrane - correct answer A cell membrane that lets only some things pass through it Osmosis - correct answer Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Diffusion - correct answer Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Hypertonic - correct answer The solution with the greater concentration of solutes than solvent Hypotonic - correct answer Having a lower concentration of solute than solvent passive transport - correct answer the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell active transport - correct answer Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference Homeostasis - correct answer process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment Metabolism - correct answer All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism. The means by which organisms maintain Homeostasis Viruses - correct answer Pieces of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. Nonliving. Antibiotics do not work on them Bacteria - correct answer single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes. Living
Autotrophic - correct answer make their own food Heterotrophic - correct answer Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms. Derived characteristics - correct answer characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members Cladistics - correct answer A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa. Photosynthesis - correct answer Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. Photosynthesis equation - correct answer 6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O cellular respiration - correct answer Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen cellular respiration equation - correct answer C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP Calvin Cycle - correct answer reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars Anaerobic respiration - correct answer Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid. Mitosis - correct answer part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
Meiosis Anaphase 1 - correct answer chromosomes separate, but sister chromatids stay together meiosis telophase 1 - correct answer nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus, at this point each chromosome still consists of sister chromatids joined by centromere Meiosis prophase 2 - correct answer Chromosomes re-condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibers assemble (Meiosis) Meiosis Metaphase 2 - correct answer Chromosomes line up at the equator. Meiosis Anaphase 2 - correct answer sister chromatids separate again Meiosis Telophase 2 - correct answer 4 haploid cells result after cytokinesis DNA - correct answer A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. Sugar, Phosphate, and Base pair. (CGAT) RNA - correct answer single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose. Sugar, Phosphate, and base. (CGAU) Codon - correct answer A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid mRNA - correct answer messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome tRNA - correct answer transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
What kind of bond holds the amino acids together in the protein that is formed? - correct answer Hydrogen bond DNA replication steps - correct answer 1) Helicase- unwinds the parental double helix
- DNA topoisomerase - upstream of helices alleviating torsional strain
- Single-strand binding proteins (SSBP) stabilize unwound DNA, aided by DNA gyrase.
- Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer for DNA polymerase to bind to in the 5' to 3' direction to start replication on each strand.
- DNA polymerase synthesizes the leading strand in 5' to 3' direction while the lagging strand is made discontinuously by primase making short pieces and then DNA polymerase extending these to make Okazaki fragments.
- DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together Mutation - correct answer a random error in gene replication that leads to a change base-pair substitution mutation - correct answer the replacement of one nucleotide base pair by another frameshift mutation - correct answer mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence silent mutation - correct answer A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.
Phototropism - correct answer A growth response to light Thigmotropism - correct answer A growth response to touch Camoflage - correct answer an adaptation that enables a species to blend in with its environment Mimicry - correct answer Ability of an animal to look like another more harmful animal natural selection - correct answer A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. Charles Darwin - correct answer English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) Alfred Russel Wallace - correct answer British naturalist who developed a hypothesis of natural selection similar to Darwin's Speciation - correct answer the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution. reproductive isolation - correct answer Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed Homologous structures - correct answer Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. Analagous Structures - correct answer Similar function but different structure - does not show common ancestry - Ex: butterfly wing and bat wing)
Vestigal structures - correct answer a structure in a present day organism that no longer serves its natural purpose divergent evolution - correct answer when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time Convergent evolution - correct answer Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species Coevolution - correct answer Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other Gradualism - correct answer The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily Punctuated equilibrium - correct answer Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change Levels of organization in biology - correct answer Atoms-->Molecules--
Organelle-->Cell-->Tissue->Organ-->Organ-System-->Organism-->Population-- Community-->Ecosystem-->Biome-->Biosphere Photoautotrophs - correct answer Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances. Chemoautotrophs - correct answer Organisms that use hydrogen sulfide or other chemicals as energy source instead of light. Herbivore - correct answer A consumer that eats only plants. Carnivore - correct answer A consumer that eats only animals.
logistic growth - correct answer Growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth Carrying capacity - correct answer Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support Water cycle - correct answer The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back Carbon cycle - correct answer The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again Nitrogen cycle - correct answer The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere Phosphorous cycle - correct answer the cyclic movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment primary succession - correct answer An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed secondary succession - correct answer Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil tundra biome - correct answer a vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen. taiga biome - correct answer Biome in which the winters are cold but summers are mild enough to allow the ground to thaw
Grassland Biome - correct answer A biome where grasses are the main plant life Desert biome - correct answer An extremely dry area with little water and few plants temperate deciduous forest biome - correct answer forest in a temperate region, characterized by trees that drop their leaves annually Tropical rainforest biome - correct answer a broadleaf evergreen forest found in wet and hot regions near the equator. Ocean biome - correct answer vast realm of open blue water, constantly mixed by wind, oceanic currents, surface waters turnover, covers 70% of earth's surface 2% salt content in water Freshwater biome - correct answer Aquatic biomes that include lakes, streams, rivers and ponds. Salt concentration of less than 1%. Estuary biome - correct answer A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean. Trophic level - correct answer Each step in a food chain or food web Food chain - correct answer A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten Food web - correct answer A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains Most energy in a food web - correct answer Producers/Autotrophs
