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2024 CALT EXAM PREP COMPLETE
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Strephosymbolia - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> means twisted symbols. The first term Orton used for dyslexia. phonetics - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> the study of speech sounds in spoken language phonological awareness - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> the ability to focus on units of sound in spoken language at the sentence, word, syllable and phoneme levels phonemic awareness - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> awareness of speech sounds or phonemes in spoken words phonics - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> instruction that connects sounds and letters synthetic phonics - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> explicitly teaches individual grapheme-phoneme correspondences before they are blended to form syllables or whole words alphabetic principle - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> the understanding that spoken sounds are represented in print by written letters consonant - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> blocked / voiced or unvoiced sounds - a class of speech sounds with air flow that is constricted or obstructed vowel - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> open and voiced sounds - a class of open speech sounds produced by the passage of air through an open vocal tract phonology - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> the rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken language fluency - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> reading with rapidity and automaticity with prosody prosody - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> the rhythmic flow of oral reading
pragmatics - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> set of rules that dictate communicative behavior and use of language, rules we communicate by syntax - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> sentence structure, grammar, usage semantics - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> content of language, used to express knowledge of the world around us - meaning phoneme - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> smallest unit of sound in a syllable spelling - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> sound to symbol / phoneme to grapheme, connect grapheme to phoneme orthography - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> the spelling of written language orthographic memory - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> memory of letter patterns and word spellings metalinguistics - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> awareness of language as an entity guided discovery - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> a method of leading students to new learning through questioning Heuristic - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> means to discover by demonstration grapheme - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> a letter or letter cluster that represents a single speech sound decoding - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> word recognition in which the phonetic code is broken down to determine a word blending - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> fusing individual sounds, syllables or words into meaningful units reading - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER>>>>symbol to sound / grapheme to phoneme
Words with gh: laugh, cough, right, high - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Anglo-Saxon Words with ck: pick, duck, sack - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Anglo-Saxon Words with k: king, kiss, kilt, hook - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Anglo-Saxon Words with kn or gn in initial position: knee, knife, gnat, gnash - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> Anglo-Saxon Words with tw: twin, twilight, between - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Anglo-Saxon Words with wr: write, wring, wrist - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Anglo-Saxon Short words with ch pronounced /ch/ chest, cheap - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Anglo- Saxon One-syllable words with tch: witch, hatch, match - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Anglo- Saxon One-syllable words with dge: edge, ridge, hedge - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Anglo- Saxon Short words with th: this, these, bath - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Anglo-Saxon Words with wh: why, while, when - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Anglo-Saxon Words with double consonants: better, ladder, carrot - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> Anglo-Saxon One-syllable words that end in ff, ll ss Floss Words - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Anglo- Saxon Words with ow: plow, snow, brow, blow - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Anglo-Saxon Short words with silent letters: walk, should, thumb, listen - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> Anglo-Saxon Wild Old Words: mind, most, kind - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Anglo-Saxon
Most pronouns: he, she, us - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Anglo-Saxon Most F. S. S. words handle, thimble, twinkle - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Anglo-Saxon Words with hard g before e and i: gift, giddy, girl, begin - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> Anglo-Saxon Words with ng - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Anglo-Saxon Long words, three or more syllables: marvelous, fascinate - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> Latin Words with ct: act, direct, conduct - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Latin Words with pt: apt, erupt, attempt - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Latin Words with ti pronounced /sh/ partial, nation - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Latin Words with ci pronounced /sh/ special, precious - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Latin Words with sion: erosion, collision - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Latin Words with ssion: passion, expression - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>> Latin Words with double consonants near the beginning illegal, attract, occupy - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> Latin Words with t pronounced /ch/: nature, punctual - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Latin Words with d pronounced /j/ educate, graduate - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Latin Words with silent initial h: hour, herb, honor - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Latin Words with ular: regular, popular - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Latin Words with j: joint, journal - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Latin Words that are legal terms: justice, legal, judge - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Latin Words with the soft c before e and i: cent, census, city - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Latin
McGuffey Readers - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Formal reading instruction was based on "phonics" used at the beginning of the 20th Century Dick & Jane ( "Look/Say" Method ) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Thought that children would make more rapid progress reading if they identified whole words at a glance. Used from 1930s - 1960s. Rudolph Flesch - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>brought the issue of the great debate to the publics attention on how best to teach a child to read. This came about in his book. "Why Johnny Can't Read" (Mid 1950s) NICHD - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Began looking at the issue as the deemed the inability to read as a "national health issue" and began to fund research in the area of reading. (1965) "Learning to Read: The Great Debate" Jean Chall - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>This book caught the attention of professionals and the government that our nation is in a reading crisis. Children are not learning to read since the look and say method came about. (1967) Basal Reading Programs - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>These programs begin to drive reading instruction. 70% of American Schools bought one or more of the best selling programs. (1960s to mid 80s) Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Developed the TopDown approach to reading instruction. Believed that reading should be taught through immersion in children's literature. Teaches reading without breaking it down into parts. Whole Language based, emphasis is on guessing at words rather than sounding them out. (1980s) G. Reid Lyon - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Became the coordinator of the research for NICHD. (1985) National Reading Panel Report - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Produced scientifically based research that demonstrated that approximately 40% of the population "have reading problems severe enough to hinder their enjoyment of reading." (2000) Percentage of students in special ed who can't read - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>85% (NICHD)
Five critical components of reading instruction - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency (identifying words accurately and fluently); vocabulary and comprehension strategies (constructing meaning once words are identified) I M F - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>initial, medial, final Middle - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>means very center Medial - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>means between initial and final V - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>vowel C - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>consonant Paired equivalent sounds - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>/ch//j/ /f//v/ /p//b/ /sh//zh/ /t//d/ /k//g/ /s//z/ /th//th/ How are our decks aligned and why?*** - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Alignment of multiple responses - according to frequency and reliability of sounds Digraph - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>two letters that come together to make one sound Trigraph - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>three letters that come together to make one sound Quadrigraph - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>four letters that come together to make one sound Diphthong - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>two vowels sounds blended togther in the same syllable Combinations - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>two letters than come together to make an unexpected sound Code marks - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>breve, macron, dieresis, circumflex, tilde, cedilla, tittle, schwa: (u) in an unaccented syllable = marks in dictionary
ate (it) or (at) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>French ending ice (is) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>French ending ine (in) or (en) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>French ending ise (is) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>French ending ive (iv) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>French ending ain (in) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>French ending esque (esk) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>French ending ile (il) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>French ending ique (ik) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>French ending ite (it) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>French ending a student who learns better from a lecture/class discussion rather that the printed page is - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>a poor visual learner Multisensory strategies (VAKT) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>most students will learn and retain info better if instruction is given in this manner intelligence test - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>identifies intelligence and cognitive strengths and weaknesses. Includes measures of verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed (WISC-IV); verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning and short-term memory (StanfordBinet). Examples: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV), Stanford-Binet achievement test - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>designed to measure students' specific knowledge and skills (basic academic skills - are they performing at level?). Woodcock Johnson, WRAT) norm-referenced test - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>assessment that (provides a detailed analysis of a student's strengths and weaknesses.) Compares a person's score against the scores of
people who have already taken the test, the "norming group," a national sample of similar students (any test with research on). (WISC-IV, DIBELS) criterion-referenced test - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>assessment that (measures knowledge attained and knowledge yet to be acquired in a domain.) tells how well students are performing on specific goals or standards (do they meet the criteria?). standardized tests - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>any tests that are administered and scored in a pre-specified, standard manner; each test-taker is asked the same questions and/or given the same tasks, provided the same information before and during the test, has the same amount of time to take the test. All tests are also scored in the same manner. These tests can be either norm-referenced or criterion-referenced, and either an achievement or an aptitude test. curriculum-based measurement - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>assessment that measures (knowledge that has been taught.) a student's performance in a local curriculum. The CBM is a quick probe into student achievement that provides current, week-by-week information on the progress a child is making. behavior rating scales - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>completed by parents and sometimes teachers and used to check for symptoms of ADHD; measure and compare a child's behavior to that of other children the same age. Examples: Connor's Rating Scale, Child Behavior Checklist, Behavior Evaluation Scale, Burk's Behavior Rating Scale screening - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>brief assessment that identifies students who may need additional or alternate forms of instruction (benchmark). progress monitoring - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>periodic assessment that measures progress in response to specific instruction and/or intervention. diagnostic measure - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>assessment that provides a detailed analysis of a student's strengths and weaknesses outcome measure - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>assessment that classifies a student in terms of achievement or improvement or grade-level performance based on targeted outcomes formal assessment - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>standardized assessment that must be administered and scored according to prescribed procedures. Used to compare overall achievement to that of others of the same age and grade, or to identify comparable strengths and weaknesses (state assessments).
An individual Education Plan (IEP) for a student identified with a learning disability does not include - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>a prescription for a specific intervention (correct) A brief assessment that identifies students who may need additional testing or alternative instruction is known as - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>informal screening The Conner's Rating Scales - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>used to measure Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder acuity - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>keenness of thought or vision (zero in on it and see what's going on) active listening - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>giving one's full attention to the speaker and making eye contact with him or her structured instruction - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>instruction that follows ordered procedures direct instruction - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>instruction in which concepts are explicitly taught diagnostic teaching - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>teaching that is informed by a continual assessment of student needs prescriptive teaching - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>individualized teaching based on needs systematic and cumulative instruction - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>teaching with a logical order of introduction of concepts that progress from easiest to more difficult explicit instruction - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>direct, purposeful instruction
VAKT - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Visual , Auditory, Kinesthetic/ Tactile (Grace Fernald) Top-Down Theory - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>led by Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith **strong meaning-based position **Goodman calls reading a "psycholinguistic guessing game" **rather than read every word, good readers select out on the essential textual information **only focus on individual words/sounds when text does not make sense, and the reader needs to go back and reread **this is Whole Language characteristic Bottom-Up Theory - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>emphasis on the subprocesses of the reading act and its contention that many of these subprocesses, such as letter and word identification, must become automatic in order for readers to be fluent. (Alphabetic Phonics) Interactive Theory - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>readers simultaneously initiate word identification and predict meaning----these are reciprocal events analytical approach - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>whole to part (Top-Down) put the whole word on the board/discover what's the same, how it can be broken down into component parts synthetic approach - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>part (letters) to whole words (bottom up) Socratic technique - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Using carefully planned questions, the student is led to discover the new concept linguistics-based beginning reading approach - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Learning to recognize word families (bat, cat, hat, ) To teach syllable division, Mr. Smart first taught his students to recognize closed or (VC) syllables. He then showed the class words such as napkin, impact, and mascot and discussed accent. Later, he demonstrated how the words could be divided into two syllables. Finally he gave the students syllables and asked them to construct words. - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>synthetic and analytic instruction Controlled reading and spelling vocabulary are characteristics of - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>decodable text, linguistic programs, an MSL program Repeating prior information in a multisensory structured language program is essential
Also coined the term "strephosymbolia" (twisted words), which replaced the former term word blindness. Dr. Madonald Critchley (1964) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Established term "developmental dyslexia" at the World Federation of Neurology meeting at the Scottish Rite Hospital. Marianne Frosig (1960) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Did visual tracking research. Findings show there is no relationship between dyslexia and vision acuity. Isabelle Liberman (1973-1984) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Did research on phonological awareness that linguistic information is stored in its phonological form (all word recognition requires letter-sound access). Also studied phonological processing deficits affecting the ability to make use of letter-sound associations as an effect of rapid retrieval problems. Discovered tapping exercises. Hugh Catts (1986) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Speech language pathologist working at the University of Kansas. Did remedial work for programs to improve phonological awareness. Keith Stanovich (1980) - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Researched the process of phonics and the need to attach sound to symbol. Readers with poor word recognition are more reliant on context than good readers (comprehension work). Bonita Blachman - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>professor at Syracuse University. Has done much research in the field of phonology and reading.Created Elkonian cards (kids who couldn't read couldn't segment sounds as well). Free morpheme - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>can stand alone as words and do not have to be combined with other morphemes. Free morpheme: function words - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, articles Free morpheme: content words - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Free morpheme: compounds - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>generally composed of Anglo-
Saxon words, combinations of two free morphemes Bound morphemes - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>work as meaningful units only in combination with other morphemes (suffixes, bound roots [Latin], and prefixes). Inflections - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>bound morphemes that show possession, gender, or number (noun - s, a, es); tense, voice, or mood (verb - ed, en, could have been); and comparison (adjective - er, est). Derivational suffixes - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>morphemes, added to roots or bases to form new words that usually change the grammatical category of a word. Greek-derived morphemes - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>not necessarily assigned specific roles as prefixes, suffixes, or roots and may combine with other bound morphemes of equal importance in flexible order. Derivational complexity - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>characterizes the number and type of changes that have been made int he base word or root when it is combined with other morphemes. Types of phonological change are: syllable regrouping, vowel alternation, consonant alternation, and stress alternation. Principals of ALTA Code of Ethics - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>standards of personal conduct, standards of professional conduct, conflict of interest, confidentiality Developmental auditory imperception - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>disorder related to dyslexia dysphasia - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>disorder related to dyslexia Specific developmental dyslexia - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>disorder related to dyslexia developmental dysgraphia - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>disorder related to dyslexia developmental spelling disability - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>disorder related to dyslexia Ability - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>test designed to measure either general intelligence
Attention - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>selctive focus on what is important while screening out distractions Auditory Learners - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>participate in classroom discussions, make speeches/presentations, use tape recordings for lectures, read text out loud, create musical jingles, create mnemonics to aid memorization, discuss ideas verbally Auditory Processing - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Given normal hearing, the ability to understand spoken language in a meaningful way Battery - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>a group of several tests standardized on the same sample population so that results on the several tests are comparable Chall's Six Stages of Reading - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Students proceed through predictable stages of learning to read Stage 0 - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Pre-reading - Oral Language Development Stage 1 - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Initial Reading - Letters represent sounds, sound- spelling relationships Stage 2 - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Confirmation and Fluency - Decoding Skills, fluency, additional strategies Stage 3 - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Reading for learning the new - expand vocabularies, build background adn world knowledge, develop strategic habits Stage 4 - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Multiple viewpoints - analyze text critically, understand multiple points of view Stage 5 - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Constrution and Reconstruction - construct understanding based on analysis and synthesis.
Cognition - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Ability to think, reason, and solve problems. Skills are usually measured by an individual test of intelligence. Requires being able to generalize from past experience and use that knowledge to respond to new situations. Cognitive Assessment - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The process of systematically gathering test scores and related data in order to make a judgment about an individual's ability to perform various mental activities involved in the processing, acquisition, retention, conceptualization, and organization of sensory, perceptual, verbal, spatial and psychomotor information. Components of Reading Instruction - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Vocabulary Development, Reading Fluency including oral reading skills, and reading comprehension strategies Composite Score - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>A score that combines several scores according to a speficied formula. Comprehension - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Making sense of what we read. It is dependent on good word recognition, fluency, vocabulary, wordly knowledge,and language ability Consonant - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>One of a class of speech sounds in which sounds moving through the vocal tract is constricted or pbstructed by the lips, tongue or teeth during articulation Criterion referenced test - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>results can be used to determine student's progress toward mastry of content area. CTOPP - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Screening test includes phonological awareness, phonological memory, rapid naming. Norms given in percentiles, standard scores, age and grade equivalents Curriculum referenced test - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>comprehensive end-of- year exams, reflecting the specific subject matter outlined in the curriculum. Derivative - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>A word made from a base word by the addition of one or more affixes Derived score - ✔✔ CORRECT ANSWER >>>>a score to which raw scroes are converted
