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2025 CATEGORY 11 AERIAL APPLICATION REVIEW 292
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS RATED 100% CORRECT/
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What action must you complete before dropping in over any obstructions on swath approach? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Turnaround Do not make turns over the following at any time? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Residences, poultry houses, livestock, and ponds/reservoirs. Minimum altitude you must maintain during ferrying flights? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 500ft AGL When ferrying never fly directly over what kind of buildings? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Farm buildings During ferrying flights it is good practice to do what on each new run? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** Deviate course 1/8-1/4 of a miles from your previous course Aerial application equipment is calibrated according to what metric? **- CORRECT ANSWER ** APM or Acres per minute DGPS-mediated flow controllers do what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Adjust flow dependent on aircraft speed Application height is the distance between what two things? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> nozzle tip/spreader exit plant canopy
Small droplet sprays require what sort of application heights? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** Application heights of 8-10ft above canopy for droplet sizes in the 150-200 micron range What sort of water could you use for spray pattern testing? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Dyed water When spray pattern testing with oil based test liquid, what sort of cards should be used? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Oil sensitive cards Effective swath is: - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The span of the spray pattern that contains enough pesticide to obtain the desired result/pest control Overall swath is: - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The outermost range that spray droplets within your pattern will reach but are not enough to result in satisfactory pest control In what type of outdoor conditions is it best to perform spray pattern testing? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Low wind conditions generally in the morning, if winds are measurable, fly the aircraft INTO the wind to conduct spray pattern testing. What is the first thing you should do prior to conducting a spray operation? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Scout the target site from the air to identify obstacles, terrain, and field layout What should you specifically look for when scouting a field aerially prior to an application? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Breaks in cultivation or plant cover, trees, buildings, telephone poles, guy wires etc. Guy wires generally pull in which direction in relation to circuitry wire? **- CORRECT ANSWER ** The OPPOSITE side
What process may lead to the changing of pesticide labeling on a product you have been using for years? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> "Reregistration" performed by the EPA What is the most likely route of pesticide exposure for aerial applicators? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Dermal Is it true that different handling activities (mixing, loading, applying, cleaning equipment etc) may require different PPE? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> YES, TRUE The effect of any pesticide depends on which two factors? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Amount of chemical absorbed
- Size of the organism receiving the chemical The measurement of:
- The amount of chemical absorbed
- The size of the organism receiving the chemical Is referred to as what term? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Dosage When referring to "dosage" the amount of chemical is measured in what form? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Milligrams(mg) When referring to "dosage" the size of the recipient is measured in what form? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Kilograms(kg) This example illustrates what key concept? "a single grain of salt will injure an ant, but not a human" - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Dosage
The ability of a chemical substance to cause injury is called? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Toxicity Dosage is a yardstick that helps classify pesticide toxicity into which three different categories? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> DANGER WARNING CAUTION each toxicity category has a range of doses which helps measure and categorize toxicity What does LD50 measure? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The minimum dosage likely to kill 50% of the organisms in a test group LD50 stands for what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Lethal dosage for 50% of the test population A LOW LD50 means that a pesticide is what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> HIGHLY toxic A HIGH LD50 means that a pesticide is what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Only slightly toxic What appears on the label that is a summary of a products dosage-response testing results? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The signal word Common symptoms of external exposure to pesticides may include? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** - Blisters, rash, and or burns
- Swelling or stinging sensation Common symptoms of pesticide poisoning may include? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - headache, dizziness, muscle weakness
- Nausea, vomiting, changes in heart rate
If skin from pesticide exposure has started to blister, what should you NOT do? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Towel dry the effected area. Do not apply what to a chemically burned skin? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Ointment, Grease, Spray How long should you rinse an eye that has been exposed to a pesticide? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** 15 - 20 minutes total, if victim wears contact lenses, remove after the first 5 minutes of rinsing Signs of shock from pesticide exposure? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Pale, cold, moist, clammy skin
- Vacant eyes with dilated pupils What type of antidotal drugs should be administered ONLY by a physician? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Atropine sulfate
- Protopam chloride
- Dimercaperol
- Sodium thiosulfate ETC Improper use of antidotal drugs can cause what to a pesticide injury victim? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Death In the event of an aerial applicator crash, what should be your first action? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Grab a fire extinguisher and immediately head to the crash site. If the plane is on fire, what should your steps be? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Use the fire extinguisher to help pilot out of the crash
- Check pilot for injury/contamination
- Clean contamination off pilot
- Loosen restrictive clothing, stop heavy bleeding
- Call ambulance Nontarget crops, humans or domestic animal habitats and wildlife environments may be harmed by what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Pesticide drift What governs the legal use of a pesticide? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The target site, NOT the target pest Can you legally apply a pesticide to a site not mentioned on a label if you are targeting a pest permitted by the label? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> NO, because the target site is what determines legal use of a product. What is the single most important factor affecting drift? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Droplet size What is spray drift? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The PHYSICAL movement of spray particles through the air at the time of a pesticide application. What movement types are NOT considered pesticide drift? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Erosion
- Migration
- Volitility
- Windblown contaminated soils Spray droplet size is affected by: - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The:
- Equipment
What is VMD? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Volume Median Diameter VMD tells you what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The droplet diameter at which half of the volume of the spray contains larger droplets and half contains smaller droplets. VMD is helpful for predicting what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Nozzle tips capacity to provide spray coverage. VMD can also be used to describe in simpler terms? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The "spread" of droplet sizes in a given droplet spectrum. Settling velocity is what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The rate at which a spray droplet falls through the air toward the ground. Another term for settling velocity is? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Fall Rate Settling velocity is generally roughly proportional to what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The square of a droplets diameter. The settling velocity of a 200 micron droplet is? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 231 feet/minute The settling velocity of a 20 micron droplet is - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 2.4 feet/minute What can you adjust to alter spray droplet size? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Nozzle type
- Orifice diameter
- Spray pattern angle
- Travel speed
- Spray pressure
- Nozzle mounting angle What are a few of the common nozzle types used in aerial application? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** - Cone
- Fan
- Straight stream
- Rotary atomizers Which spray pattern angle is less likely to create drift prone droplets, 80 or 110 degree? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 80 degree Which spray pattern is less likely to produce drift prone droplets, conical or fan? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Fan pattern What influence does air shear have on spray droplets? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Causes droplets to collide with each other an break up, creating a greater number of drift prone droplets. How should nozzles be angled to avoid disruption by air shear? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> In the same direction as the air flow, generally straight back for a fixed wing aircraft. When applying pesticides aerially, what can you do to create the lest drift possible? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Apply using the slowest speed you can safely operate at. Increasing spray pressure causes what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Spray droplets to become smaller
Inver Emulsions have what defining characteristics? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Thick and creamy
- Do not readily evaporate or break up into small droplets What is the main purpose of adjuvants? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> To increase a pesticides effectiveness or safety Spray adjuvants alter what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The PHYSICAL characteristics of a liquid as it leaves the nozzle, hits the target, or both A surfactant is an example of what variety of spray additive? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** Adjuvant Adding a surfactant will do what to the characteristics of a spray mix? **- CORRECT ANSWER ** - Change the proportion of the spray emitted as a particular droplet size
- Change the total spray droplet spectrum produced by the nozzle tip Surfactants act in what way? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Reduce the surface tension of a liquid and promote the formation of small droplets. Thickening agents are also referred to as? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Viscosity modifiers The terms "tank mix" or "spray mix" generally refer to what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A mixture of several different a.i's, several formulations, and one or more adjuvant that are combined by at least one diluent or carrier. What is Microweather? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The weather conditions at ground level or within the plant canopy at or near the target site.
What does very stable air indicate? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A temperature inversion What is a temperature inversion? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> When the air above is warmer than the air below. When the air above the target increases in temperature, it rises carrying spray droplets with it. True of False: When temperature increases the potential for spray drift increases? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> TRUE True or False: Unstable air is preferable for spray applications? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> TRUE What is Relative Humidity? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> RH indicates the extent to which an air sample is saturated by water. Microweather specifically can affects what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The temperature and air turbulence found here can generate upward air motion, affecting small spray droplets. What is the definition of navigation in aerial application? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The process of determining and maintaining a specific course of travel. What is landmark navigation? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Reliance on the position of fixed objects. What is dead reckoning? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Elapsed time along a rhumb line at an estimated constant speed. LORAN Stands for what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Long range navigation
- Diego Garcia
- Kwajalein
- Colorado Springs Which tracking station is the "master station"? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The Station in Colorado Springs What is the job of the GPS Master Station? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> To send corrections for orbital location and clock data to all the satellites. What does a GPS receiver receive? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Detect signals from four satellites, which then plot the receivers location in three dimensional space, x/y/z. The signal from the fourth satellite provides a "time check" verification of the other tree positional calculations. What sector of the government maintains the GPS system? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The Department of Defense. What signal is available for civilian GPS? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Coarse Acquisition (C/A). What does DGPS technology do? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Reduce the effect of the C/A signal data error to a minimum of (usually) less than 1 meter. DGPS uses two of what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Receivers:
- A stationary receiver as a reference point
- A mobile receiver such as one mounted on an aircraft
With DGPS the mobile receiver obtains what from the stationary receiver in order to improve its precision? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Corrections for the GPS satellite timing signals. RTK is a form of what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> DGPS What are the two main methods of correction data trasmission? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - FM radio tower beacon (USCG) and (NDGPS)
- Communication satellite relay (WAAS,LAAS) What are the two different types of radio beacon transmission? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Maritime DGPS
- Nationwide DGPS (NDGPS) What is Maritime DGPS? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A USCG service that transmits real time GPS timing corrections on coast guard radio beacon frequencies. Found in coastal areas. At what rate does maritime DGPS accuracy decay at? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> For receivers more than 100 miles away from a maritime DGPS station, accuracy decays at a rate of 1 meter/150km, or 1 yard/90 miles. What are the three types of satellite relay transmission? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - WAAS
- LAAS
- Commercial DGPS What is WAAS? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Wide Area Augmentation System supplies DGPS data for commercial aircraft making transcontinental flights.
Generally an led indicates a lateral discrepancy in what range? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 2 feet to 6 inches, depending on how sensitive it is set. Upon centering using the LED lightbar, what type of navigation should you use to maintain course? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Landmark navigation What other GPS equipment is available for aerial applicators beyond the standard DGPS setup? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - System enhancing on board computers
- Spray output controllers and sensors
- Software packages tailored to link DGPS data to aerial applicators needs including chemical logging, application mapping etc. Throughout spraying what can on board computers collect? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Data to construct records for customer billing, environmental reporting and GPS data analysis. Modern on board DGPS computers enable precision spray boom operation through the use of what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Electronically regulated flow controllers, which change the application rate based upon air speed. At the minimum, an agricultural aircraft must be able to do what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Safely life and transport its cargo
- Disperse a pesticide accurately and safely at the target site without harming adjacent land or life Which type of aircraft offer higher application speeds and higher payload capacity per dollar invested? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Fixed wing aircraft Which type of aircraft has greater maneuverability and speed variability? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** Rotary wing aircraft
Which type of aircraft per unit of flying time is more expensive to operate? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Rotary wing aircraft A typical aerial spray system consists of the following: - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Tank
- Agitation system
- Filters
- Piping and fittings
- Pump and pressure gauges
- Spray boom What item from an aerial spray system is typically mounted in front of the cockpit and as close to the center of gravity as possible? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The tank The spray tank has two sets of graduations printed on it that indicate what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - One indicates the number of gallons in the tank when on the runway
- One shows spray tank gallonage while the aircraft is in flight What are the four types of spray tanks used in aerial application setups? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** - Belly mount tanks
- Side mount tanks
- Internal mount tanks
- Sling load tanks(flown suspended under the aircraft by a line and cargo hook) What are some examples of pesticide types that need constant agitation to keep from settling out? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Dry Flowables
- Wettable Powders
