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2025 CHEM 112 FINAL EXAM|ACTUAL
200Qs&As|UPDATED|A+GRADE
quickly ANS:->> gases react more [slowly/quickly] than liquids concentration, temperature, catalyst, diffusion rate ANS:->> factors affecting reaction rates reaction rate ANS:->> the speed of a chemical reaction in molarity/second change in concentration of B/change in time ANS:->> average rate of appearance of B instantaneous rate ANS:->> the rate of reaction at a particular moment initial rate ANS:->> rate at time = 0 rate law ANS:->> an equation that shows how the rate depends on the concentrations of reactants K[A]^m x [B]^n ANS:->> general form of a rate law rate constant ANS:->> the units of this can be found by dividing M/s by the units of concentration zero ANS:->> if a reaction is unchanged by concentration, it is this order
first ANS:->> if the rate change is proportional to concentration change, the reaction is this order second or greater ANS:->> if rate change is exponential, the reaction is this order does ANS:->> the rate of a reaction [does/does not] depend on concentration does not ANS:->> the rate constant [does/does not] depend on concentration first-order reaction ANS:->> a reaction whose rate depends on the concentration of a single reactant raised to the first power ln[A] sub t = ANS:->>Kt + ln[A] initial ANS:->> the integrated rate law straight, - K, ln[A] initial ANS:->> first-order reaction graphs of ln[A] sub t versus time gives a [straight/curved] line with this slope and this y-intercept second order reaction ANS:->> a reaction whose rate depends on the reactant concentration raised to the second power or on the concentrations of two different reactions, each raised to the first power straight, K, t/[A] initial ANS:->> second-order reaction graphs of 1/[A] sub t gives a [straight/curved] line with this slope and this y-intercept first ANS:->> the graph of the natural log of this-order reaction versus time is linear second ANS:->> the graph of 1/[A] of this-order reaction versus time is linear
molecularity ANS:->> the number of molecules that participate in a reaction unimolecular ANS:->> describes a reaction in which only one molecule is involved multistep mechanism ANS:->> a reaction that consists of a sequence of elementary reactions intermediate ANS:->> a substance in a reaction that is neither reactant nor product homogeneous catalyst ANS:->> a catalyst that is present in the same phase as the reacting molecules
heterogeneous catalyst ANS:->> a catalyst that exists in a different phase from the reactant molecules a catalyst is present at the beginning of a reaction and an intermediate is formed during it ANS:->> the difference between catalysts and intermediates Arrhenius ANS:->> this acid yields H+ ions in water Arrhenius ANS:->> this base yields OH-ions in water Bronsted-Lowry ANS:->> this acid donates a proton to another substance Bronsted-Lowry ANS:->> this base accepts a proton from another substance amphiprotic ANS:->> describes a substance that can act as either an acid or a base
conjugate acidANS:->>base pair ANS:->> an acid and base that differ only in the presence or absence of a proton strong acid ANS:->> this substance completely transfers its protons to water, leaving no undissociated molecules in solution weak acid ANS:->> this substance only partially dissociates in water and therefore exists as a mixture of protons and undissociated constitutent auto-ionization ANS:->> the donation of a proton from one water molecule to another acidANS:->>dissociation constant ANS:->> the equilibrium constant for an acid stronger ANS:->> the larger the value of Ka, the [stronger/weaker] the acid percent ionization ANS:->> (concentration of substance ionized / original concentration) x 100% polyprotic acid ANS:->> an acid with more than one ionizable H+ ion base dissociation constant ANS:->> the equilibrium constant in reactions of weak bases ionizing in water product ANS:->> when two equations are added to give a third, the Keq of the third equation is equal to the [sum/product] of the first equations the common ion effect ANS:->> when a weak electrolyte and a strong electrolyte
selective precipitation ANS:->> separation of ions in an aqueous solution by using a reagent that forms a precipitate with one or a few of the ions spontaneous process ANS:->> process that can proceed without external assistance reversible process ANS:->> a process that reverses direction whenever a very small change is made to the system irreversible ANS:->> spontaneous reactions are [reversible/irreversible] entropy ANS:->> this property is associated with the randomness in a system isothermal ANS:->> describes a process at constant temperature microstate ANS:->> the single possible arrangement of the positions and kinetic energies of gas molecules when a gas is in a specific thermodynamic state increases ANS:->> entropy [increases/decreases] with volume, temperature and number of molecules increases ANS:->> entropy [increases/decreases] for processes in which the number of gas molecules increases more ANS:->> a molecule containing hydrogen will transfer a proton only if the X in the HX bond is [more/less] electronegative more ANS:->> in an ionic hydride (where H acts as an anion, such as NaH), H will only transfer a proton if it is [more/less] electronegative than the cation
neither ANS:->> non-polar bonds produce [acidic/basic/neither] aqueous solutions stronger ANS:->> the greater the stability of the conjugate base, the [stronger/weaker] the acid bond strength ANS:->> in binary acids, this is the most important factor in determining acid strength less ANS:->> bond strengths change [more/less] moving across a row in the periodic table than they do down a group oxyacid ANS:->> acids in which OH groups and possibly additional O2 atoms are bound to a central atom takes, more, bases ANS:->> when a metal is bound to oxygen, oxygen [takes/yields] electrons because it is [more/less] electronegative. These compounds act as [acids/bases] covalent, acidic or neutral ANS:->> when a nonmetal is bound to oxygen, the bond is [ionic/covalent] and the substance is [acidic/basic/neutral] increases ANS:->> as electronegativity increases, acidity [increases/decreases] increase ANS:->> the strength of an acid will [increase/decrease] as additional electronegative atoms bond to the central atom weak ANS:->> carboxylic acids are [weak/strong] acids Lewis ANS:->> this acid is an electron pair acceptor
endothermic ANS:->> reactions with positive delta H are this non-spontaneous ANS:->> reactions with negative delta G are this delta G ^o ANS:->> standard free energy change delta G ANS:->> standard free energy change under non-standard conditions pure solid ANS:->> the standard free energy condition of a solid pure liquid ANS:->> the standard free energy condition of a liquid 1 atm ANS:->> the standard free energy condition of a gas one molar concentration ANS:->> the standard free energy condition of a solution H2O and H+ ANS:->> if a reaction is in acidic solution, oxygen and hydrogen are balanced by adding these, respectively OHA- AND H2O ANS:->> if a reaction is in basic solution, oxygen and hydrogen are balanced by adding these, respectively voltaic cell ANS:->> a device in which the transfer of electrons takes place through an external pathway rather than directly between reactants anode, cathode ANS:->> by physically separating the halves of a redox reaction, we create a flow of electrons from an external circuit from [cathode/anode] to
[cathode/anode] volt ANS:->> the potential difference required to impart one joule of energy to a charge of one coulomb electromagnetic force ANS:->> force that pushes electrons through the external circuit positive ANS:->> the electromagnetic force for spontaneous reactions is [positive/negative] greater ANS:->> the more positive the standard reduction potential for a half reaction, the [greater/smaller] the tendency for the reactant of the half reaction to be reduced easy ANS:->> the half reaction with the smallest reduction potential is most [easy/difficult] to reverse as an oxidation right ANS:->> because the half reactions are listed as reductions, only substances on the [right/left]-hand side of the equation can serve as oxidizing agents positive ANS:->> a [positive/negative] value of E indicates a spontaneous process below ANS:->> any metal in the activity series will be oxidized by the ions of any metal [above/below] it reducing ANS:->> the activity series orders compounds with the strongest [oxidizing/reducing] agents at the top increases ANS:->> increasing the concentration of a reactant or decreasing the
compound electrolysis reactions ANS:->> processes driven by an outside source of electrical energy metal complex ANS:->> an assembly of a central metal ion bonded to a group of surrounding molecules or ions coordination compounds ANS:->> compounds containing complexes ligands ANS:->> the molecules bound to the metal ion in a complex. Most are either polar molecules or anions coordination number ANS:->> the number of atoms directly bonded to the metal ion coordination sphere ANS:->> the central metal and the ligands bonded to it donor atom ANS:->> the atom of the ligand directly bound to the metal monodentate ligands ANS:->> ligands with one donor atom that can occupy one site in a coordination sphere polydentate ligands ANS:->> have two or more donor atoms (also known as chelating atoms porphine ANS:->> molecule that can bind to a metal using the four nitrogen atoms as donors
absorption spectrum ANS:->> the amount of light absorbed by a sample as a function of x lanthanide contraction ANS:->> the filling of 4F orbitals through lanthanide elements that causes a reduction in size; thus, the second and third series trans metals in each group have about the same radii all the way across the series amphiprotic ANS:->> describes any molecule that can gain or lose an electron high - spin complex ANS:->> complex in which atoms are arranged to remain as unpaired as possible low-spin complex ANS:->> a complex in which electrons are paired as much as possible nucleons ANS:->> protons or neutrons atomic number ANS:->> number of protons in a nucleus radionuclides ANS:->> radioactive nuclei radioisotopes ANS:->> atoms with radioactive nuclei alpha particle ANS:->> helium-four particles released spontaneously during decay beta emission ANS:->> radioactive decay of high-energy electrons gamma radiation ANS:->> radiation of high-Renergy photons
molecular orbital diagram ANS:->> shows the two interacting atomic orbitals on the left and right and the newly formed molecular orbitals in the middle bond order ANS:->> half of the difference between the number of bonding electrons and the number of antibonding electrons equal to ANS:->> the number of molecular orbitals formed is [greater than/less than/ equal to] the number of atomic orbitals combined equal ANS:->> atomic orbitals combine most effectively with other atomic orbitals of [greater/lower/equal] energy lowered, raised ANS:->> as overlap between atomic orbitals increases, the energy of the bonding molecular orbital is [raised/lowered] and the energy of the antibonding molecular orbital is [raised/lowered] pi molecular orbitals ANS:->> formed by two overlapping 2p orbitals with electron density concentrated above and below the connecting line between the nuclei crystalline solid ANS:->> a solid in which the atoms, ions or molecules are ordered in well-defined three- dimensional arrangements. Usually have faces amorphous solid ANS:->> solid in which particles have no orderly structure unit cell ANS:->> the repeating unit of a solid crystal lattice ANS:->> a three-dimensional representation of a crystalline solid
lattice point ANS:->> a single point in a lattice primitive cubic ANS:->> lattice points are at the corners are only in this type of crystal arrangement body-centered cubic ANS:->> primitive cubic with a lattice point in the center faceANS:->>centered cubic ANS:->> a cell with a lattice point at the center and each corner of each face coordination number ANS:->> the number of particles immediately surrounding a particle in the crystal structure molecular ANS:->> this solid consists of atoms or molecules held together by intermolecular forces, has a low melting point and is usually made up of substances that are gases or liquids at room temperature covalent-network ANS:->> this solid consists of atoms held together throughout the entire sample of material in large networks or chains by covalent bonds, and has a high melting point ionic ANS:->> this solid consists of atoms held together by ionic bonds metallic ANS:->> this solid consists entirely of metal atoms in hexagonal, close- packed face-centered arrangements ionic ANS:->> this type of bond is between a metal and a nonmetal
with fewer valence electrons, leaving holes for other valence electrons to enter, increasing conductivity photoconductivity ANS:->> the ability of a semiconductor to become more conductive by having one or more of its electrons promoted by light of appropriate wavelength solar cell ANS:->> a semiconductor device that converts photons from the sun into electricity
