2025/2026/ CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE EXAM/229 TERMS/QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS /A+ GRAD, Exams of Health sciences

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2025/2026/ CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE

EXAM/229 TERMS/QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS /A+

GRADED

Cardio Heart Cyte Cell Erythr Red Poeisis Production of

Hema/hemo Blood Leuk White Ology Study of Phage Eater Pulmon Lung

Need for oxygen To produce ATP Things blood takes away from cells Waste & CO Tiny blood vessels for delivery and removal Capillaries What the heart does Pumps Type of tissue heart is made of Cardiac muscle

Heart oxygenates blood False Organ that puts oxygen in blood Lungs Average healthy heart beats per minute 72 (60 to 100 bpm) Who has a slower heart rate? Athletes - they condition their heart to pump more efficiently. Why heart rate increases during exercise Blood carries oxygen and your body tissues require more oxygen when you are working out. Functions of blood

Cellular components of blood Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets Liquid portion of blood Plasma Blood plasma is made of cells False (it is non-cellular) Percentage of blood volume that is plasma 55% Components of plasma Water and solutes (proteins) Percentage of plasma that is water

Examples of solutes in blood Gases, nutrients, proteins, electrolytes, and hormones Most abundant blood cell Red blood cell Another word for red blood cells Erythrocyte Percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells 45% Hematocrit The percentage of blood that is red blood cells.

Oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells Each red blood cell can carry 1 billion oxygen molecules. Bone marrow The location where red blood cells are produced. Erythropoiesis The production of red blood cells. Lifespan of red blood cells Red blood cells live for 120 days. White blood cells Cells that make up less than 1% of blood volume and are involved in fighting infections. Leukocytes

Another word for white blood cells. Lifespan of white blood cells White blood cells usually live for 1 to 3 days. Function of white blood cells To fight infection. Types of white blood cells There are 5 main types of white blood cells. Thrombocytes Another word for platelets. Platelets Cell fragments that are not classified as true cells.

Eosinophils A type of leukocyte that makes up 2-4% of white blood cells and uses enzymes to digest parasitic worms. Lymphocytes A type of leukocyte that makes up 25% of white blood cells and includes B cells and T cells. Monocytes The second most numerous white blood cell that becomes macrophages and engulfs viruses and other pathogens. Neutrophils The most numerous white blood cell that uses phagocytosis to engulf bacteria. Basophils The rarest white blood cells that release histamine and attract other white blood cells to the site of infection.

Coagulation The process that occurs during hemostasis after platelet plug formation. Collagen in blood vessel walls Collagen fibers are exposed, which provide a place for Von Willebrand factor to bind platelets, forming the platelet plug. Proteins from blood vessel wall Proteins are released, which triggers vascular spasm. The more proteins released, the greater the degree of vascular spasm. Vascular spasm The smooth muscles of the blood vessel walls constrict in response to released proteins. Purpose of vascular spasm

Hemostasis While hemostasis provides a long-lasting fix to plug up a wounded blood vessel, it is the blood vessel that must heal itself. Blood types cause Presence of absence of antigens on your red blood cells. Major blood types count 8 Blood cell determining blood type RBC. Possible antigens/proteins A, B, Rh. Positive blood type and Rh antigen

Yes. Negative blood type and Rh antigen No. Receiving antigens not present False. Foreign antigen response A severe immune response (your antibodies bind to it and mark it for death by WBCs). Marking foreign antigens for death Antibodies. Cells killing marked cells WBCs (T cells).

Type O- blood receiving Type AB+ blood All 3 antigens (A, B, Rh). Type B- blood receiving Type AB+ blood A and Rh antigen. Blood Type A- Antigens: A; Antibodies: B, Rh Blood Type A+ Antigens: A, Rh; Antibodies: B Blood Type B- Antigens: B; Antibodies: A, Rh Blood Type B+ Antigens: B, Rh; Antibodies: A

Blood Type AB- Antigens: A, B; Antibodies: Rh Blood Type AB+ Antigens: A, B, Rh; Antibodies: None Blood Type O- Antigens: None; Antibodies: A, B, Rh Blood Type O+ Antigens: Rh; Antibodies: A, B Can Donate To AB- AB-, AB+