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Exam 3
Terms:
Chapter 13. Competition; Lotka-Volterra model; zero-growth isocline; pre-emptive,
consumption, overgrowth, encounter competition; allelopathy, terrestrial competition;
competitive exclusion principle; ecological niche; fundamental niche, realized niche;
niche overlap; competitive release; niche partitioning; character displacement;
Chapter 14. Predation, carnivory; parasitoidism; herbivory; parasitism; cannibalism;
functional response, numerical response; Type I, II and II responses; search image;
aggregate response; optimal foraging strategy; cryptic coloration; flashing coloration;
aposematic or warning coloration; Batesian mimicry; Mullerian mimicry; predator
satiation; constitute defense; induced defenses; structural defenses; secondary compound;
quantitative defense
Chapter 15. Symbiosis; parasitism; parasite; host; infection and disease; micro-parasite;
marco-parasite; ecto-parasite; endo-parasites; Holoparasite; Hemiparasite; direct
transmission; intermediate organism or vector; definitive host; intermediate host;
inflammatory response; immune response; antigen; commensalisms; mutualism; lichen;
mycorrhizae; pollination
Chapter 16. Community, Species Richness, relative abundance, evenness, Simpson’s
index (D), dominants (species), keystone species, basal species, top predators, trophic
levels, guild, zonation, individualistic or continuum concept of communities, organismic
community.
Chapter 17. Null model, diffuse, food web, food chain, keystone predation, apparent
competition, indirect commensalisms, functional groups, bottom-up control, top-down
control
Chapter 18. Succession, seral stage, primary succession and secondary succession,
autogenic and allogenic environmental change, chronosequence or chronosere,
intermediate disturbance hypothesis, paleoecology
Sample essay questions:
1) Competition can be understood as six different types of interactions, depending on the
mechanism of competition that is involved. List and describe 3 of these types of
competition, giving an example for each.
2) Using a graph of the Lotka-Volterra competition model for two species, show how the
outcome of competition between two species can depend on differences between the
carrying capacities of two habitats.
3) Describe the competitive exclusion principle, including its major assumptions, and
give an example of scientific studies that have provided support for it.
