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2535- Pathophysiology & Pharm Integration
I York University -QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS
What is a drug? - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ Any chemical that affects the physiological processes of a living organism Pharmacology - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ The broadest term for the study or science of drugs. What 3 names can a drug have? - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ 1.Chemical name 2.Generic name (nonproprietary, official name) 3.Trade name (proprietary name) Chemical name - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ • Describes the drug's chemical composition and molecular structure
•Generic name (nonproprietary, official name) - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ • Name given to a drug approved by Health Canada •Trade name (proprietary name) - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ • The drug has a registered trademark; use of the name is restricted by the drug's patent owner (usually the manufacturer). what 2 methods are drugs classified by? - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ structure and therapeutic use what are the 3 basic phases of pharmacology - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ pharmaceutics pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics what is pharmaceutics? - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ The study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body
•Sublingual and buccal routes •Topical route •Transdermal route •Inhalation route what parenteral routes are there - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ Intradermally subcutaneously Intravenously Intramuscularly Intrathecally intra-articularly intra-arterially What is the first pass effect? - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ After oral administration, many drugs are absorbed intact from the small intestine and transported first via the portal system to the liver, where they undergo extensive metabolism, therefore usually decreasing the bioavailability of certain oral medications. what is the entreal route? - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER
** ✔✔ The drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the mucosa of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine ØOral ØSublingual ØBuccal ØRectal (can also be topical) what are topical routes? - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ Skin (including transdermal patches) Eyes Ears Nose Lungs (inhalation) Rectum Vagina What is a Peak Level - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ highest blood level of a drug What is a trough level - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ lowest blood level of a drug
Outcome goals need to be realistic. what types of therapy are there - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ ØAcute ØMaintenance ØSupplemental (or replacement) ØPalliative ØSupportive ØProphylactic ØEmpirical What is tolerance - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ decreasing response to repeated drug doses What is Dependence - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ physiological or psychological need for a drug What is physical dependence - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ Øphysiological need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms
what is psychological dependence - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ Øobsessive desire for a drug What is the Nursing process - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ • A research-based organizational framework for professional nursing practice What is the assesment step within Drug health
- ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ • Data collection, review, and analysis •Medication profile •Any and all drug use •Home or folk remedies; natural heath products or homeopathic treatments •Alcohol, tobacco, caffeine intake •Current or past illicit drug use •Prescriptions and over-the-counter medications •Past or present health history and associated drug regimen Family history; growth and developmental stage What is planning step within Drug health - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED
What is the evalution step within Drug health - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ • Systematic, ongoing, and dynamic part of the nursing process •Determining the status of the goals and outcomes of care •Monitoring the patient's response to drug therapy What are the 10 Rights of Medication Administration
- ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ • Right drug (or Right Medication) •Right dose •Right time •Right route •Right patient •Right reason •Right documentation •Right evaluation (or right assessment) •Right patient education •Right to refuse what is Disease - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ • Structural or functional change in the body that is harmful to the organism •Cellular environment changes to degree that tissues cannot
perform functions optimally •Definition and treatment varies by culture What is pathology? - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ • Study of basic structural and functional changes associated with disease •Sequence of events leading from abnormalities to clinical manifestations (pathogenesis) what are 2 manesfestations of disease - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ Diagnoses and Syndrome What is Diagnosis - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ • Process of assimilating information from history, physical examinations, and laboratory findings to identify condition causing disease •Also refers to name given to that disease •Sometimes cannot immediately be made what is syndrome - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ • Cluster of findings commonly encountered with more than one disease •Description of constellation of symptoms, signs, and/or laboratory tests
•Microbiologic •Endogenous causes of disease: •Vascular •Immunologic •Metabolic What is an idiopathic disease - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ cause is unknown what is a latrogenic disease - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ adverse reaction to treatment what is a nosocomial disease - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ acquired from hospital envirment What is absorption - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream for distribution to the tissues What are entreal routes - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ The drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the
mucosa of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine • Oral
- Sublingual • Buccal • Rectal (can also be topical) Parental Route - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ • Intravenous (fastest delivery into the blood circulation) • Intramuscular • Subcutaneous • Intradermal • Intra-arterial • Intrathecal • Intra-articular Topical route - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ Skin (including transdermal patches) • Eyes • Ears • Nose • Lungs (inhalation)
- Rectum • Vagina types of enteral routes - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ p.o. (per os ): oral or enteral route p.r. (per rectal): rectal route Buccal: between the lip and the teeth Sublingual: under the tongue types of Parenteral routes (via injection): - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ ID (Intradermal injection): in the dermis layer SC or SubQ (Subcutaneous injection): into the subcutaneous tissue IM (Intramuscular injection): into the muscle IV (Intravenous injection): into a vein Inhalation agent: into the
ANSWER ** ✔✔ Absorption low- low perfusion to organs that absor drugs this can occur in shock states absortption high- high perfusion to organs that absorb drugs Factors affecting absortption(contact time) - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ low contact time(ex. diarrhea) for low absorption high contact in terms of constipation for high absoprtion Factors affecting absortption(P-glycoprotein) - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ low absorption are found in apical surface of GIT cells No P-glycoproteins are associated with high absorption Factors affecting absortption(total surface area)
- ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ lower surface area, this occurs in diseases that destory the brush border of the GIT cells(Lower absorption)
more absoprtion is associated with total surface area Factors affecting bioavavilibility - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ Factors affecting bioavailability: solubility of drug hydrophobic vs hydrophilic instability of environment stomach & intestine enzymes first pass effect oral admin→portal circulation→liver→drug metabolized→approx. 30% passes to bloodstream for distribution What is distribution affect by - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ a) blood flow b) capillary permeability c) protein binding d) solubility e) volume of distribution Blood flow - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ (1) Organs with an increase blood flow Theoretically more distribution of drugs to these organs (2) Organs with a decrease blood flow Theoretically less distribution of drugs to Distribution Capiliary permaiability - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ related to tissue type
** ✔✔ low→less penetration into tissue high→easily penetrates into tissue Metabolism - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ Also referred to as biotransformation Phase 1 & Phase 2 Most drugs go through phase I then phase II Some go through only phase I Some go through only phase II Some go through phase II then phase I Biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite a more soluble compound a more potent metabolite (as in the conversion of an inactive prodrug to its active form) or a less active metabolite • usually occurs in the liver • makes excretion easier Phase 1 biotransformation - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ Drug which is nonpolar and lipid soluble goes through the CYP450 system which makes the drug go through oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis which makes the drug polar and water
soluable Phase 2 biotransformation - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ not related to the CYP450 system An already polar drug, by phase II biotransformation, becomes even more polar The drug may be a result of phase I biotransformation but not necessarily Excretion - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ Elimination of drugs from the body • Primary organ responsible is kidney • Liver and bowel also play a role • Renal excretion • Biliary excretion What is a half-life? - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ the time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease by 50% and be removed from the body Steady state - ...,. 🔹 VERIFIED ANSWER ** ✔✔ • occurs when the amount of a drug being absorbed is the same amount that's being cleared from the body when the drug is given continuously or repeatedly. • consistent concentration of drug
