Download Neurodevelopmental Disorders: ASD and ADHD - Study Guide and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
322;AHDH AND AUTISM EXAM STUDY SET WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED!!
Factors related to childhood neurodevelopmental disorders include --genetics ANSWER -biochemistry-environment
Developmental Milestones include: - •Walking ANSWER •Crawling •Fine motor skills •Physical skills •Problem -solving •Socialization •Language & communication
If developmental milestones are not met by the expected age... -indicate a potential neurodevelopmental disorder ANSWER it may
Autism -communication. Leaving them alone or isolated. ANSWER a condition where the person is removed from social interaction and
Spectrum -developmental areas. ANSWER a scale that differentiates based on the severity of two major
social communication and interaction deficits in autism -how the child responds or reciprocates when socially interactive ANSWER -Social Reciprocity: -Joint Attention: wanting to share an interest-Nonverbal communication: ability to use or interpret nonverbal cues -Social relationships: making and maintain relationships restrictive and repetitive behaviors/interests/activities in autism -behaviors (e.g., putting shoes on in the same order) ANSWER -Repetitive -Fixed routines (e.g., same route to daily destinations) -Restricted thinking: specific, detailed knowledge of certain topics of interest Client's Social & Communication Skills: ASD 1 - ANSWER •Speaks in full sentences •Difficulty with conversations Client's Social & Communication Skills: ASD 2 - nonverbal social communication ANSWER •Notable deficit in verbal & •Does not initiate social interactions Client's Social & Communication Skills: ASD 3 - ANSWER •Few spoken words •Rarely interacts with others Client's Restrictive / Repetitive Behaviors: ASD 1 - activities ANSWER •Difficulty changing •Organization & planning difficulties Client's Restrictive / Repetitive Behaviors: ASD 2 - observable ANSWER •Repetitive behaviors are
•Change in routine leads to distress
•Focusing •Inattentiveness vs. not listening •Lack of •Organization and time management -follow-through •Forgetfulness ADHD school observations - ANSWER •Fidget, squirm in seat •Inappropriately run or climb •Blurt out answers or comments •Interrupt or talk excessively •Inconsistent and/or messy assignments ADHD interdisciplinary treatments - Therapy ANSWER •Behavioral Modification/Behavioral •Parent Training •School Accommodations two main types of medication for ADHD - ANSWER CNS stimulants and non-stimulants. stimulant medications for ADHD - ANSWER •methylphenidate •dexmethylphenidate •mixed amphetamine salts (primarily dextroamphetamine & amphetamine) (IR Adderall & ER: Adderall, Mydayis ER, Adzenys XR-ODT) •lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) non stimulant medications for ADHD - ANSWER •atomoxetine (Strattera) •clonidine •guanfacine
what are the effects of CNS stimulants and nonstimulant medications in a patient withADHD - ANSWER •Increase frontal lobe activity in the brain •Increase attention span •Decrease impulsive behavior, restlessness & hyperactivity methylphenidate (Ritalin) can cause -bedtime ANSWER insomnia, so give 6-8 hours prior to
methylphenidate ER (Concerta) should be given -bedtime. ANSWER at least 12 hours prior to
atomoxetine (Strattera) SE - ANSWER can stunt growth (monitor weight and height). Elimination Disorders of Childhood - ANSWER -enuresis -encopresis enuresis - ANSWER Repeated URINARY incontinence •Involuntary or intentional voiding in clothing, bed, etc. •Nocturnal, diurnal, or both Enuresis symptoms are normal up to - ANSWER age 5 encopresis - ANSWER Repeated incontinence of FECES into inappropriate places •Involuntary or intentional voiding (places may include clothing, on floors, in waste receptacles, etc.)
Encopresis symptoms are normal up to - ANSWER age 4
•Medications medications for encopresis -stool softeners, and laxatives ANSWER •For bowel evacuation - suppositories, enemas,
major neurocognitive disorder (dementia) -functioning that affects memory, judgment, language, and other advanced cognitive ANSWER gradual deterioration of brain processes patho of major neurocognitive disorder (dementia) -and functional areas in the brain (atrophy, ventricle enlargement, plaques, tangles, ANSWER changes to structural damages brain cells, neurodegeneration) diagnostic process for major neurocognitive disorder (dementia) -Secondary causes must be ruled out / treated first ANSWER •medical conditions •substance use / abuse •cumulative anticholinergic drug effects
diagnostic assesment for major neurocognitive disorder (dementia) - •electroencephalography (EEG) ANSWER •neuroimaging (MRI, CT) •laboratory testing •MMSE, mini -cog, mental status exams 6 cognitive domains - ANSWER •Complex attention (ability to focus, sustain, or shift)
- Executive functioning (planning, decision-making) •Learning and memory (particularly new information) •Language (expressive and receptive language) •Social cognition (recognizing emotions)
•Perceptual and motor ability Delerium -quickly (hours to days) and level of consciousness fluctuates intensity ANSWER ALWAYS secondary to another condition and reversible, develops
common causes of delirium -drug intoxications and withdrawls ANSWER post-op states infectionsmetabolic disorders (dehydration, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, ect) drugs neuro diseases (seizures, head trauma)tumor seep deprivation pain delerium s/s - to environment is impaired. Disorientation, incoherency, situational and environmental ANSWER •Mental confusion: Attention, awareness and responsiveness confusion (time, place) are common. ORIENTATION TO SELF IS USUALLY INTACT -hallucinations and delusions-sundowning
sundowning -in the evening and at night ANSWER symptoms and problem behaviors become more pronounced
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) -memory, language, thinking, and judgement ANSWER main symptoms include difficulty with -considered an intermediate stage between expected cognitive decline of normal agingand more serious cognitive decline
primary dementia -and not secondary to any other disorder (ex. Alzheimers disease) ANSWER dementia that is irreversible, progressive (four stages),
secondary dementia -(ex(AIDS)/HIV, vascular dementia, Pick's disease, Huntington's disease) ANSWER Result of some other pathologic process ◦Depression often mimics signs/symptoms of dementia primary risk factors of alzheimers disease - WOMEN more than men) ANSWER •Age and gender: (Affects •Incidence doubles after age 65 •Older African Americans (twice as likely to develop AD) •Hispanic Americans (1.5 times more likely)
other risk factors of alzheimers disease - out TBI) ANSWER •History of severe head injury (rule •Apolipoprotein E gene (APOE E4)and estrogen interaction •Early -onset: mutation of 3 genes; APP (amyloid precursor protein, PS-1 (presenilin-1), and PS-2 (presenilin-2) •High blood pressure, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease •Health care and education disparities •Low economic status •Sedentary life style •Depression
diagnostic for alzheimers disease - •Standardized screening tools ANSWER •There is no definitive test for AD •Positron emission tomography (PET) & single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans can aid in diagnosis
•Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), PET, and CT scans measure brain size •Functional Dementia Scale what kind of disease is alzheimers - ANSWER progressive and degenerative Stage 1 Alzheimer's - ANSWER •Short -term memory loss: loses things, forgets things •Difficulty learning new things •Occupational abilities may be intact, often able to work •Behavioral problems: depression, apathy
- Impaired activities: grocery shopping, managing finances Stage 2 Alzheimer's - forgets address) ANSWER •Memory gaps related to a person's history (e.g. •Obvious ADL deficits •Labile mood, paranoia, anger, aggression, jealousy •Altered sleep pattern •Driving hazard •Around -the-clock care and supervision needed •Activity, and social withdrawal •Defense mechanism: denial (to protect self -esteem)
Stage 3 Alzheimer's - •Advanced apraxia ANSWER •Severe agnosia •Severe memory loss •agitation, violence, paranoia, and delusions •Institutionalization is necessary •WANDERING
agraphia - ANSWER •may lose ability to read and write Hyperorality - ANSWER •a need to taste or chew, puts everything in mouth Hypermetamorphosis - ANSWER •a need to touch everything in sight dysphagia - ANSWER difficulty swallowing dementia interventions - THIER NAME ANSWER •Always introduce yourself and refer to client BY •Speak slowly •Use short, simple words and phrases •MAINTAIN 1 or 2 arms distance between you and the client •When client is: •Delusional: acknowledge client's feeling and REINFORCE REALITY
- Verbally aggressive: acknowledge client's feelings and CHANGE TOPIC dementia health maintenance - ANSWER •Encourage client participation with care •Allow client to preform all task within his/her capabilities •Always allow client to wear their own clothing •Use clothing with elastic, and replace buttons and zipper with Velcro •Give step •If resistive to care, return at a later time -by-step instructions (allow time to perform task)
dementia and nutrition - •Offer finger foods ANSWER •Monitor food and fluid intake •Weigh once a week
•During period of Hyperorality: watch for client eating non food items (i.e. artificial fruits, soaps)
sleep interventions for dementia - ANSWER •Keep room lights on •Keep room clutter free •Maintain calm environment throughout the day elimination interventions for dementia - training program ANSWER •Implement bowel and bladder •Use incontinent supplies (e.g., pads or briefs) home safety for dementia - ANSWER •Gradually restrict driving •Remove throw rugs and other objects in the client's path •If client is verbally upset: listen briefly, give support, then change the topic •Minimize sensory stimulation •Label all rooms, frequently used objects •Install safety bars in bathroom wandering interventions for dementia - ANSWER •Place mattress on the floor at night •Have client wear a medic alert and provide local police with a recent picture •Use complex locks, place locks at top of doors
dementia services for family - resource and follow-up ANSWER •Case management, coordinate community •Respite care for caregivers •Adult daycare •Adult protective services, remedy effects of abuse or neglect
•Reality orientation •Compensatory memory aids: clocks, calendars, photographs, memorabilia, seasonal decorations
