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A comprehensive overview of the 3d password authentication system, which combines various authentication methods such as textual passwords, graphical passwords, and biometrics into a single 3d virtual environment. It discusses the working of the 3d password system, the password selection and input process, the design guidelines for the 3d virtual environment, and the advantages and disadvantages of this authentication scheme. The document highlights the increased security level, complexity, and password space of the 3d password compared to traditional authentication methods. It also explores the potential applications of the 3d password in protecting critical systems and resources, such as airplanes and jet fighters. Overall, the document provides valuable insights into this innovative authentication approach and its potential to enhance the security of various systems.
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The dramatic increase of computer usage has given rise to many security concerns. One major security concern is authentication, which is the process of validating who you are to whom you claimed to be. The 3D passwords which are more customizable and very interesting way of authentication. Now the passwords are based on the fact of Human memory. Generally simple passwords are set so as to quickly recall them. The human memory, in our scheme has to undergo the facts of Recognition, Recalling, Biometrics or Token based authentication. Once implemented and you log in to a secure site, the 3D password GUI opens up. This is an additional textual password which the user can simply put. Users nowadays are provided with major password stereotypes such as textual passwords, biometric scanning, tokens or cards (such as an ATM) etc .Mostly textual passwords follow an encryption algorithm as mentioned above. Biometric scanning is your "natural" signature and Cards or Tokens prove your validity. But some people hate the fact to carry around their cards, some refuse to undergo strong IR exposure to their retinas(Biometric scanning). In general ,human authentication techniques can be classified as : Now the passwords are based on the fact of Human memory. Generally simple passwords are set so as to quickly recall them. The human memory, in our scheme has to undergo the facts of Recognition, Recalling, Biometrics or Token based authentication. Once implemented and you log in to a secure site, the 3D password GUI opens up. This is an additional textual password which the user can simply p
Current authentication systems suffer from many weaknesses. Textual passwords are commonly used. Users tend to choose meaningful words from dictionaries, which make textual passwords easy to break and vulnerable to dictionary or brute force attacks. Many available graphical passwords have a password space that is less than or equal to the textual password space. Smart cards or tokens can be stolen. Many biometric authentications have been proposed. However, users tend to resist using biometrics because of their intrusiveness and the effect on their privacy. Moreover, biometrics cannot be revoked. The 3Dpassword is a multi factor authentication scheme. The design of the 3D virtual environment and the type of objects selected determine the 3D password key space. User have freedom to select whether the 3D password will be solely recall, recognition, or token based, or combination of two schemes or more. Fig1.2:Existing System
The proposed system is a multi factor authentication scheme that combines the benefits of various authentication schemes. Users have the freedom to select whether the 3D password will be solely recall, biometrics, recognition, or token based, or a combination of two schemes or more. This freedom of selection is necessary because users are different and they have different requirements. Therefore, to ensure high user acceptability, the users freedom of selection is important. The new scheme provides secrets that are not easy to write down on paper. Moreover, the scheme secrets should be difficult to share with others.
The proposed system is a multi factor authentication scheme. It can combine all existing authentication schemes into a single 3D virtual environment .This 3D virtual environment contains several objects or items with which the user can interact. The user is presented with this 3D virtual environment where the user navigates and interacts with various objects. The sequence of actions and interactions toward the objects inside the 3D environment constructs the users 3D password. Te 3D password can combine most existing authentication schemes such as textual passwords, graphical passwords, and various types of biometrics into a 3D virtual environment. The choice of what authentication schemes will be part of the user's 3D password reflects the user's preferences and requirements. A user who prefers to remember and recall a password might choose textual and graphical password as part of their 3D password. On the other hand users who have more difficulty with memory or recall might prefer to choose smart cards or biometrics as part of their 3D password. Moreover user who prefers to keep any kind of biometric data private might not interact with object that requires biometric information. Therefore it is the user's choice and decision to construct the desired and preferred 3D password. We can have the following objects:
Let us consider a 3D virtual environment space of size G ×G × G. The 3D environment space is represented by the coordinates (x, y, z) [1,... , G] ×[1,... , G] ×[1,... , G]. The objects are distributed in the 3D virtual environment with unique (x, y, z) coordinates. We assume that the user can navigate into the 3D virtual environment and interact with the objects using any input device such as a mouse, key board, fingerprint scanner, iris scanner, stylus, card reader, and microphone. We consider the sequence of those actions and interactions using the previous input devices as the users 3D password. For example, consider a user who navigates through the 3D virtual environment that consists of an office and a meeting room. Let us assume that the user is in the virtual office and the user turns around to the door located in (10, 24, 91) and opens it. Then, the user closes the door. The user then finds a computer to the left, which exists in the position (4, 34, 18), and the user types FALCON. Then, the user walks to the meeting room and picks up a pen located at (10, 24, 80) and draws only one dot in a paper located in (1, 18, 30), which is the dot (x, y) coordinate relative to the paper space is (330, 130). The user then presses the login button. The initial representation of user actions in the 3Dvirtual environment can be recorded as follows: (10, 24, 91) Action = Open the office door; (10, 24, 91) Action = Close the office door; (4, 34, 18) Action = Typing, F; (4, 34, 18) Action = Typing, A; (4, 34, 18) Action = Typing, L; (4, 34, 18) Action = Typing, C;
Sensitive documents are been produced every minute of the day and it is amazing how password hacking has been a major threat to this information and data. D. V. Klein (1990), an ethical hacker with USENIX Security systems performed a password cracking test and he could crack an average of fifteen (15) textual passwords in one day. He then proposed the idea of 3D passwords and organised a workshop to this regard. “Foiling the cracker: A survey of, and, improvement to passwords security,” in Proc. USENIX Security Workshop, 1990. Surveys of graphical passwords circa 2005 are available from Suo et al. and Monrose and Reiter. More recently, Hafiz et al. briefly summarize and categorize 12 schemes. Renaud reviews numerous graphical password systems and offers usability guidelines for their design. In this paper, comprehensive review of the first ten years of published research on graphical password was provided. Reflection clearly shows that the graphical nature of schemes does not by itself avoid the problems typical of text password systems. However, while this first generation of graphical password schemes presents some familiar problems, we see an emerging second generation beginning to leverage the graphical elements in new ways to avoid the old problems. These schemes have three main categories based on: recall, recognition, and cued-recall. Fig.3.2 :Authentication Types
The design of the 3 D virtual environments affects the usability, effectiveness, acceptability of 3D password. The first step in building a 3D password system is to design a 3D environment that reflects the administration needs and the security requirements. The design of 3D virtual environments should follow these guidelines. Real Life Similarity The prospective 3D virtual environment should reflect what people are used to seeing in real life. Objects used in virtual environments should be relatively similar in size to real objects (sized to scale). Possible actions and interactions toward virtual objects should reflect real life situations. Object responses should be realistic. The target should have a 3D virtual environment that users can interact Object uniqueness and distinction every virtual object or item in the 3D virtual environment is different from any other virtual object. The uniqueness comes from the fact that every virtual object has its own attributes such as position. Thus, the prospective interaction with object 1 is not equal to the interaction with object 2. Therefore, the design of the 3D virtual environment should consider that every object should be distinguishable from other objects. Similarly, in designing a 3D virtual environment, it should be easy for users to navigate through and to distinguish between objects. The distinguishing factor increases the users recognition of objects. Therefore, it improves the system usability. Three Dimensional Virtual Environment Size A 3D virtual environment can depict a city or even the world. On the other hand, it can depict a space as focused as a single room or office. A large 3D virtual environment will increase the time required by the user to perform a 3D password. Moreover, a large 3D virtual environment can contain a large number of virtual objects. Therefore, the probable 3D password space broadens.
Number of objects and their types Part of designing a 3D virtual environment is determining the types of objects and how many objects should be placed in the environment. The types of objects reflect what kind of responses the object will have. For simplicity, we can consider requesting a tetual password or a fingerprint as an object response type. Selecting the right object response types and the number of objects affects the probable password space of a 3D password. System Importance The 3D virtual environment should consider what systems will be protected by a 3D password The number of objects and the types of objects that Have been used in the 3D virtual environment should reflect the importance of the protected system. Fig.4.1 :3D virtual Environment
Shoulder Surfing Attack : An attacker uses a camera to record the users 3D password or tries to watch the legitimate user while the 3D password is being performed. This attack is the most successful type of attack against 3D passwords and some other graphical passwords. However, the users 3D password may contain biometric data or textual passwords that cannot be seen from behind. Therefore, we assume that the 3D password should be performed in a secure place where a shoulder surfing attack cannot be performed. Timing Attack: In this attack, the attacker observes how long it takes the legitimate user to perform a correct sign in using the 3D password. This observation gives the attacker an indication of the legitimate users 3D password length. However, this kind of attack alone cannot be very successful since it gives the attacker mere hints. Therefore, it would probably be launched as part of a well studied or brute force attack. Timing attacks can be very effective if the 3D virtual environment is poorly.
