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Authoritative parents are affectionate and supportive. They provide their children with autonomy and encourage independence. They also allow ...
Typology: Lecture notes
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UPDATED: JUL 18, 2021 PARENTING BY: PARENTINGFORBRAIN
Parenting styles are categorized based on two dimensions of parenting behavior and styles:
Demandingness refers to the extend parents control their children’s behavior or demand their maturity.
Responsiveness refers to the degree parents are accepting and sensitive to their children’s emotional and developmental needs.
Authoritative parents have high expectations for achievement and maturity, but they are also warm and responsive.
These parents set rules and enforce boundaries by having open discussion, providing guidance and using reasoning.
These parents provide their kids with reasoning and explanation for their action. Explanations allow children to have a sense of awareness and teach kids about values, morals, and goals.
Their disciplinary methods are confrontive , i.e. reasoned, negotiable, outcome-oriented, and concerning with regulating behaviors.
Authoritative parents are affectionate and supportive. They provide their children with autonomy and encourage independence.
They also allow bidirectional communication. This parenting style is also known as the democratic parenting style.
Children of authoritative parents are cherished.
Based on Baumrind’s research on parenting styles, children of authoritative parents tend to:
children’s behavior. Their disciplinary methods are coercive , i.e. arbitrary, peremptory, domineering, and concerned with marking status distinctions.
Authoritarian parents are unresponsive to their children’s needs and are generally not nurturing. They usually justify their mean treatment of their kids as tough love.
Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style tend to:
Have an unhappy disposition. Be less independent. Appear insecure. Possess low self-esteem. Exhibit more behavioral problems. Perform worse academically. Have poorer social skills. Be more prone to mental issues. Be more likely to have drug use problems. Have worse coping skills.
Permissive parents set very few rules and boundaries and they are reluctant to enforce rules.
These indulgent parents are warm and indulgent but they do not like to say no or disappoint their children.
Children of permissive parenting tend to have the worst outcomes:
Cannot follow rules. Have worse self-control. Possess egocentric tendencies. Encounter more problems in relationships and social interactions.
Neglectful parents do not set firm boundaries or high standards.
They are indifferent to their children’s needs and uninvolved in their lives.
These uninvolved parents may have mental issues themselves such as depression, or physical abuse or child neglect when they were kids.
Children raised by neglectful parents:
Are more impulsive. Cannot self-regulate emotion.
and socioeconomic backgrounds (e.g. income level, parental education, number of active parents).
For example, in one study, researchers found that African- American students with authoritative parents but without peer support did not perform the best academically.
As for Asian-American students, in some studies, they performed the best in school when they had authoritarian parents and peer support.
In Spain, a study showed that both indulgent and authoritative parenting styles were associated with good outcomes^22.
Children’s own behavior can affect the parent’s choice and the outcomes, too.
For example, kids with a more sensitive temperament may be perceived as difficult causing the parents to change their parenting style towards more authoritarian.
In a study, it was also found that some aspect of child behavior such as sociable and aggressive behaviors are better correlated to the child’s temperament than to the parenting style of their parents.
It seems like parenting style is not the only determining factor in the child’s outcomes.
Differences in social context and in child temperaments can make a difference, too.
But it is worth noting that, despite being widely publicized, not all of these study results have been successfully reproduced by other researchers.
In addition, these results are also not consistent across other types of outcomes, such as behavior or mental health.
For example, while some studies found the use of authoritarian parenting in the Chinese American population was associated with the best academic outcomes, others found the authoritative parenting to be the best in predicting school performance.
To this date, no study has conclusively disproved the benefits of authoritative parenting, while many others have consistently shown its advantages.
Authoritative parenting is still the parenting style of choice recommended by experts.
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