Download Early American Literature, Art, and Social Movements: A Historical Overview and more Quizzes World History in PDF only on Docsity!
451. Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849)
Author who wrote many poems and short stories including "The Raven," "The Bells," "The Tell-Tale Heart," and "The Gold Bug." He was the originator of the detective story and had a major influence on symbolism and surrealism. Best known for macabre stories. TERM 2
452. Washington Irving (1783-1859)
DEFINITION 2 Author, diplomat. WroteThe Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." He was the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer. TERM 3
453. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-
DEFINITION 3 Internationally recognized poet. Emphasized the value of tradition and the impact of the past on the present. TERM 4
454. Walt Whitman (1819-1892), Leaves of
Grass
DEFINITION 4 Leaves of Grass (1855) was his first volume of poetry. He broke away from the traditional forms and content of New England poetry by describing the life of working Americans and using words like "I reckon", "duds", and "folks". He loved people and expressed the new democracy of a nation finding itself. He had radical ideas and abolitionist views -Leaves of Grasswas considered immoral. Patriotic. TERM 5
455. Hudson River School of
Art
DEFINITION 5 In about 1825, a group of American painters, led by Thomas Cole, used their talents to do landscapes, which were not highly regarded. They painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River. Mystical overtones.
456. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in
America
De Tocqueville came from France to America in 1831. He observed democracy in government and society. His book (written in two parts in 1835 and 1840) discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power. First to raise topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict between the masses and individuals. TERM 7
457. Millennialism, Millerites
DEFINITION 7 Millerites were Seventh-Day Adventists who followed William Miller. They sold their possessions because they believed the Second Coming would be in 1843 or 1844, and waited for the world to end. The Millennial Dawnists, another sect of the Seventh- Day Adventists, believed the world was under Satan's rule and felt it their obligation to announce the Second Coming of Christ and the battle of Armageddon. TERM 8
458. "The Burned-Over District"
DEFINITION 8 Term applied to the region of western New York along the Erie Canal, and refers to the religious fervor of its inhabitants. In the 1800's, farmers there were susceptible to revivalist and tent rallies by the pentecostals (religious groups). TERM 9
459. Charles G. Finney (1792-
DEFINITION 9 An immensely successful revivalist of the 1800's. He helped establish the "Oberlin Theology". His emphasis on "disinterested benevolence" helped shape the main charitable enterprises of the time. TERM 10
460. Mormons: Joseph Smith (1805-1844)
DEFINITION 10 Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. In 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844. He translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.
466. Amana Community
A German religious sect set up this community with communist overtones. Still in existence. TERM 17
467. Lyceum Movement
DEFINITION 17 Developed in the 1800's in response to growing interest in higher education. Associations were formed in nearly every state to give lectures, concerts, debates, scientific demonstrations, and entertainment. This movement was directly responsible for the increase in the number of institutions of higher learning. TERM 18
468. Some reforms successful, some not,
why?
DEFINITION 18 In the 1800's, it was usually because the general public either didn't vocally support the reform or was opposed it. Not all people wanted change. In general, reforms failed if they were too far out on the political spectrum. TERM 19
469. Dorothea Dix, treatment of the insane
DEFINITION 19 A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War. TERM 20
470. Rise of labor leaders
DEFINITION 20 During the 1800's, labor unions became more and more common. Their leaders sought to achieve the unions' goals through political actions. Their goals included reduction in the length of the workday, universal education, free land for settlers, and abolition of monopolies. Labor unions were the result of the growth of factories.
471. National Trade Union
Unions formed by groups of skilled craftsmen. TERM 22
472. Commonwealth v. Hunt
DEFINITION 22 1842 - Case heard by the Massachusetts supreme court. The case was the first judgement in the U.S. that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Also decided that unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members. TERM 23
473. Criminal Conspiracy Laws and early
unions
DEFINITION 23 For a time in the 1700's and 1800's, these laws were directed at early labor unions. The organized stoppage of work by a group of employees in a strike could be judged a criminal restraint of trade. This approach largely ended afterCommonwealthv.Hunt. TERM 24
474. Oberlin, 1833; Mt. Holyoke, 1836
DEFINITION 24 Oberlin: founded by a New England Congregationalist at Oberlin, Ohio. First coed facility at the college level. The first to enroll Blacks in 1835. Mt. Holyoke: founded in 1837 in South Hadley, Massachusetts. Became the model for later liberal arts institutions of higher education for women. Liberal colleges. TERM 25
475. Public education, Horace
Mann
DEFINITION 25 Secretary of the newly formed Massachusetts Board of Education, he created a public school system in Massachusetts that became the model for the nation. Started the first American public schools, using European schools (Prussian military schools) as models.
481. Samuel F.B. Morse, Imminent Dangers to
the Free Institution
He was briefly involved in Nativism and anti-Catholic movements, asserting that foreign immigration posed a threat to the free institutions of the U.S., as immigrants took jobs from Americans and brought dangerous new ideas. TERM 32
482. Women, their rights, areas of
discrimination
DEFINITION 32 In the 1800's women were not allowed to be involved in politics or own property, had little legal status and rarely held jobs. TERM 33
483. Lucretia Mott (1803-1880)
DEFINITION 33 An early feminist, she worked constantly with her husband in liberal causes, particularly slavery abolition and women's suffrage. Her home was a station on the underground railroad. With Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she helped organize the first women's rights convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. TERM 34
484. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
DEFINITION 34 A pioneer in the women's suffrage movement, she helped organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. She later helped edit the militant feminist magazine Revolution from 1868 - 1870. TERM 35
485. Seneca Falls
DEFINITION 35 July, 1848 - Site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.
486. Emma Willard (1787-1870)
Early supporter of women's education, in 1818 she published Plan for Improving Female Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York. In 1821, she opened her own girls school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college. TERM 37
487. Catherine Beecher (1800-1878)
DEFINITION 37 A writer and lecturer, she worked on behalf of household arts and education of the young. She established two schools for women and emphasized better teacher training. She opposed women's suffrage. TERM 38
488. "Cult of True Womanhood": piety,
domesticity, purity and submissiveness
DEFINITION 38 While many women were in favor of the women's movement, some were not. Some of these believed in preserving the values of "true womanhood": piety, domesticity, purity and submissiveness. These opponents of the womens movement referred to their ideas as the "Cult of True Womanhood." TERM 39
489. Women's movement, like others,
overshadowed by anti-slavery movement
DEFINITION 39 In the 1800's, the women's movement was often overshadowed by the anti-slavery movement. Many men who had been working on behalf of the women's movement worked for the abolition of slavery once it became a major issue. TERM 40
490. American Peace Society
DEFINITION 40 Founded in 1828 by William Laddit. Formally condemned all wars, though it supported the U.S. government during the Civil War, WWI, and WWII. It was dissolved after the United Nations was formed in 1945.
496. Supreme Court: McCulloch v. Maryland
1819 - This decision upheld the power of Congress to charter a bank as a government agency, and denied the state the power to tax that agency. TERM 47
497. Supreme Court: Cohens v. Virginia
DEFINITION 47 1821 - This case upheld the Supreme Court's jurisdiction to review a state court's decision where the case involved breaking federal laws. TERM 48
498. Supreme Court: Gibbons v. Ogden
DEFINITION 48 1824 - This case ruled that only the federal government has authority over interstate commerce. TERM 49
499. Supreme Court: Cherokee Nation v.
Georgia
DEFINITION 49 1831 - Supreme Court refused to hear a suit filed by the Cherokee Nation against a Georgia law abolishing tribal legislature. Court said Indians were not foreign nations, and U.S. had broad powers over tribes but a responsibility for their welfare. TERM 50
500. Supreme Court: Worchester v. Georgia
DEFINITION 50 1832 - Expanded tribal authority by declaring tribes sovereign entities, like states, with exclusive authority within their own boundaries. President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling.
