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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANA SANGAMA, BELGAVI- 590018
KARNATAKA
TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment foe the award of degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN Mechanical Engineering Submitted By: SYED MALIK RIZWAN 1HM15ME TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON 4 - D PRINTING
Internal guide
Mr. Hurmathulla Khan
Asst Professor of Mechanical Dept.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
H.M.S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, TUMKUR
NH-4, Kesaramadu Post, Kyathsandra, Tumkur- 572104 2019 - 2020
H.M.S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Manchakalkuppe, NH-4, Kesaramadu Post, Kyatsandra, Tumkur- 572104
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Certificate
This is certify that the SEMINAR entitled 4D PRINTING has been successfully presented by SYED MALIK RIZWAN 1HM15ME081 a student of VIII semester B.E., for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering of the VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY during the academic year 2019- 20 Signature of the guide Signature of the HOD Mr. Hurmathulla Khan, M. Tech Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, HMSIT Mr. Hurmathulla Khan, M. Tech Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, HMSIT Dr. JAGANNATHA T.D , M. Tech, Ph.D, Professor and HOD Department of Mechanical Engineering, HMSIT
EXTERNAL VIVA
Name of Examiner Signature with Date
ABSTRACT
The paper highlights the possible technological evolution in the Lean manufacturing that concerns 4D Printing. To date there are not case studies of 4D printing application able to demonstrate the effective use of 4D Printing, and its results on the production cycles. The purpose of this article is to review the state of the art of the developments in four-dimensional (4D) Printing, through a literature review, in order to define the 4D Printing characteristics, to examine its perspectives for the future application in manufacturing and to identify the potential benefits and manufacturing advantages. Research into 4D printing has attracted unprecedented interest since 2013 when the idea was first introduced. It is based on 3D printing technology but requires additional stimulus and stimulus-responsive materials. Based on certain interaction mechanisms between the stimulus and smart materials, as well as appropriate design of multi-material structures from mathematical modelling, 4D printed structures evolve as a function of time and exhibit intelligent behaviour. Unlike 3D printing, 4D printing is time-dependent, printer-independent, predictable, and targets shape/property/functionality evolution. This allows for self- assembly, multi-functionality, and self-repair. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the 4D printing process and summarizes the practical concepts and related tools that have a prominent role in this field. Unsought aspects of 4D printing are also studied and organized for future research.
CONTENTS
- Chapter – Chapter Name Page No.,
- Introduction
- 1.1 4D Printing
- Chapter –
- Chapter –
- Processing of 4D printing
- 3.1 Generic additive manufacturing process
- 3.2 Current state of technology
- Chapter –
- Application
- 4.1 Potential application of 4D printing
- Chapter –
- Smart materials and polymers
- 5.1 List of smart materials
- 5.2 Piezoelectric materials
- 5.3 Shape memory polymers
- 5.4 Magneto strictive materials
- Chapter –
- Conclusion and Future work
1.1 4-D Printing
4 - dimensional printing (4D printing; also known as 4 D bioprinting, active origami, or shape-morphing systems) uses the same techniques of 3D printing through computer- programmed deposition of material in successive layers to create a three-dimensional object. However, 4D printing adds the dimension of transformation over time. It is therefore a type of programmable matter, wherein after the fabrication process, the printed product reacts with parameters within the environment (humidity, temperature, etc.,) and changes its form accordingly. light. Figure 1 depicts a schematic of the 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4D concepts. The concepts of 1 - , 2 - , and 3D represent line, plane, and 3D space structures, respectively. For 4D, the concept of changes in the 3Dstructure (x, y, z) with respect to time (t) is added, as indicated by curved arrows, FIG. 1. Schematic of 1-, 2 - , 3-, and 4D concepts. A 4D structure is a structure (x, y, z) made by 3D changes over time (t). Arrows indicate the direction of change with respect to time.
CHAPTER 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.1. Eujin Pei aims to review state-of-the-art developments in additive manufacture, in particular, 4D printing. It discusses what it is, what research has been carried out and maps potential applications and its future impact. Additive manufacturing technologies and goes on to describe the state-of-the-art. Following which the paper examines several case studies and maps a trend that shows an emergence of 4D printing. The case studies highlight a particular specialization within additive manufacture where the use of adaptive, biomimetic composites can be programmed to reshape, or have embedded properties or functionality that transform themselves when subjected to external stimuli. The state-of-the-art of additive manufacture, discussing strategies that can be used to reduce the print process (such as through kinematics); and the use of smart materials where parts adapt themselves in response to the surrounding environment supporting the notion of self-assemblies. 2.2. Headrick, Dan observes that product design transform may be possible with 4D printing, the convergence of smart materials and 3D printing technology, which promises to change not only how things get made but what they can do. Change over time is the fourth dimension in 4D printing: programmable materials developed for 3D printing applications have the potential to produce adaptive products whose physical properties alter when triggered by particular stimuli or that self-assemble or self-modify over pre-programmed periods of time. Researchers believe this work will stimulate R&D for smart sensors, coatings, textiles, and other structural components. Researchers hope to develop materials that can be used in 3D printing processes to build products that can transform in programmed ways in response to specific environmental forces. One team has nearly completed its first samples of a class of adaptive composite materials that mimic biochemical processes to alter their shape, physical properties, or functionality multiple times in response to external stimuli. 2.3. Al Rhodan, N investigated that the possible technological evolution in the Lean manufacturing that concerns 4D Printing. To date there are not case studies of 4D printing application able to demonstrate the effective use of 4D Printing, and its results on the production cycles. The purpose of this article is to review the state of the art of the developments in four-dimensional (4D) Printing, through a literature review, in order to define the 4D Printing characteristics, to examine its perspectives for the future application in manufacturing and to identify the potential benefits and manufacturing advantages.
CHAPTER 3
3. PROCESSING OF 4-D PRINTING
4d printing similar to current additive manufacturing process (3D printing). The main difference is the programmable materials or smart materials which are used for making the product. The4D printing relies predominantly on four factors — ✓ The basic additive manufacturing process, ✓ Types of stimulus-responsive material, and ✓ Interaction mechanisms. ✓ Smart design.
3 .1 GENERIC ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
AM involves a number of steps that move from the virtual CAD description to the physical resultant part. Different products will involve AM in different ways and to different degrees. Small, relatively simple products may only make use of AM for visualization models, while larger, more complex products with greater engineering content may involve AM during numerous stages and iterations throughout the development process. Furthermore, early stages of the product development process may only require rough parts, with AM being used because of the speed at which they can be fabricated. At later stages of the process, parts may require careful cleaning and post processing (including sanding, surface preparation and painting) before they are used, with AM being useful here because of the complexity of form that can be created without having to consider tooling. The use of AM processes enables freeform objects to be produced directly from digital information without the need for intermediate shaping tools. Most AM processes can support 4D printing as long as the selected stimulus-responsive material is supported by or compatible with the printer. Steps involved in process
- CAD
- STL convert
- File transfer to machine
- Machine setup
- Build
- Remove
- Post Process Fig. 1.1 Generic process of CAD to part, showing all 7 stages Step 1: CAD All AM parts must start from a software model that fully describes the external geometry. This can involve the use of almost any professional CAD solid modelling software, but the output must be a 3D solid or surface representation. Reverse engineering equipment (e.g., laser scanning) can also be used to create this representation. Step 2: Conversion to STL Nearly every AM machine accepts the STL file format, which has become a defect standard, and nearly every CAD system can output such a file format. This file describes the external closed surfaces of the original CAD model and forms the basis for calculation of the slices. Step 3: Transfer to AM Machine and STL File Manipulation
CHAPTER 4
4. APPLICATIONS
3D printing has been used to create car parts, smartphone cases, fashion accessories, medical equipment and artificial organs. Manufacturing corporations and aerospace organizations have saved billions of dollars by using 3D printing for building parts. 3D printing has also helped save lives. One of the best ways to learn about what 3D printing can do is by researching real- life applications on the technology. Other applications include: Rapid prototyping 3D Printed Organs Personal printing In the Automotive Industry In the Aerospace Industry
4.1 Potential Applications of 4D Printing
Though, even if these examples are not characterized by great complexity, we can foresee great potential in this technology. Self-repair piping system One potential application of 4D Printing in the real world would be pipes of a plumbing system that dynamically change their diameter in response to the flow rate and water demand. Pipes that could possibly heal themselves automatically if they crack or break, due to their ability to change in response to the environment’s change. The error correct and self-repairing capability of 4D manufactured products show tremendous advantages with regard to reusability and recycling. Self-healing pipes and self-healing hydrogels are some of the potential applications of 4D printing. Self-healing of polymers can be achieved by a few categories of reactions, which include covalent bonding, supramolecular chemistry, H-bonding, ionic interactions, and π-π stacking. Self-healing materials have also been shown to have great potential for producing soft actuators with enhanced durability, due to their ability to self- repair damage ranging from bulk cracks to surface scratches. The use of self-healing hydrogels as inks for additive manufacturing has been successfully demonstrated. Self-assembly furniture Since 3D printing furniture is limited by the size of the printer, 4D printing could allow to just print a flat board that will curl up into a chair by just adding water or light to it. A future
application can be on a large scale and in a harsh environment. Individual parts can be printed with small 3D printers and then self-assembled into larger structures, such as space antennae and satellites. This capability can be exploited for the creation of transportation systems for complex parts to the International space station. Further applications include self- assembling buildings, this is especially useful in war zones or in outer space where the elements can come together to give a fully formed building with minimum work force. There is also the added advantage that some limitations in construction can be eliminated by the use of 4D printing. Rigid materials can be can be 3D printed along with smart materials to create specific areas of a part that act as joints and hinges for bending. Revive et al argue that construction must be made smarter and solve problems of wasting large amounts of energy, materials, money and time for building. These issues can be solved using design programs and software to embed information into the materials that makes the material and construction more accurate. Self-assembly may not be efficient for every purpose, which implies different sectors and applications must be identified that benefit most from self- assembly Self adaptability 4D printing allows the integration of sensing and actuation directly into a material rendering external electromechanically systems unnecessary. This decreases the number of parts in a structure, assembly time, material and energy costs as well as the number of failure prone devices, which is associated with electromechanics al systems. This technology is finding use in self-adaptive 4D printed tissues and 4D printed personalized medical devices such as tracheal stems. 4D printing in extreme conditions 4D Printing: Surface to Sine Wave from Self-Assembly Lab, MIT. 4D Printing would be even more useful in big scale projects. For example, in extreme environments, such as space, it can have very promising applications. In space, currently, the 3D printing process of the building causes some issues related to cost, efficiency, and energy consumption. So, instead of using 3D printed materials, 4D printed materials could be used to take advantage of their transformable shape. They could provide the solution to build bridges, shelters or any kind of installations, as they would build up themselves or repair themselves in case of weather damage.
CHAPTER 5
5. SMART MATERIALS AND POLYMERS
5. 1 List of Smart Materials 5 .2Piezoelectric materials Those materials capable of generating electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress are piezoelectric materials. Not all the smart materials do exhibit a shape change but they do carry significant properties such as electro and magneto theological fluids. Those fluids can change viscosity upon application of external magnetic or electric field. Naturally occurring crystals like quartz and sucrose, human bone, ceramics, Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are known to have piezoelectric characteristics. Followed by the automotive industry and medical instruments, global demands for these materials have huge application in industrial and manufacturing sector. Researchers from University of Warwick in UK have developed new micro stereolithography (MSL) 3D printing technology that can be used to create piezoceramic object. Piezoceramics are special type of ceramic materials that can
create electrical response and responds to external electrical stimulation by changing shape. These are very useful materials and applicable all around, sensor in airbag systems, fuel injectors in engines, electric cigarette lighter and electronic equipment. 5 .3 Shape Memory polymers Shape memory alloy or polymers are emerging smart materials that have dual shape capability. Shape memory alloys go transformation under predefined shape from one to another when exposed to appropriate stimulus. Initially founded on thermal induced dual shape research, this concept has been extended to other activating process such as direct thermal actuation or indirect actuation. The applications can be found in various areas of 41 our everyday life. Heat shrinkable tubes, intelligent medical parts, self-deployable part in spacecraft are few used areas with potential in broad other applications. The process in shape memory polymer is not intrinsic, it requires combination of a polymer and programmed afterwards. The structure of polymer is deformed and put it into temporary shape. Whenever required, the polymer gains its final shape when external energy is applied. Most of the shape memory polymers required heat as activating agent. The material used in tube is poly
demethylate polymer. Initially the shape was programmed to form flat helix,
using heat energy ranging from 10 degree to 50 - degree centigrade, flat helix
transformed into tube shape structure.
5.4 Magneto strictive Materials Similar to piezoelectric and electro strictive materials magneto strictive materials uses magnetic energy. They convert magnetic energy into mechanical energy or other way. Iron, terbium, Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) and dysprosium (D) are most common magneto strictive materials. Those materials can be used as transducers and actuators where magnetic energy is used to cause shape change. The application includes telephone 42 receivers, oscillators, sonar scanning, hearing head, damping systems, and positioning equipment. The development of magneto strictive material alloys with better features will certainly help the 4D printing technology.
CHAPTER 6
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
6 .1 Conclusion
Emerging Market Potential: 4D printing technology is expected to significantly increase the efficiency of the manufacturing process and increase the capability to produce complex parts and products for different industrial sectors. Expected to create a large number of potential applications in diverse industrial sectors (for example, aerospace, defense, automotive, health care, infrastructure, manufacturing, packaging) Evolving Ecosystem: 4D printing technology is expected to be adopted by a range of industrial sectors. Research laboratories, universities, and companies are also expected to increase their 4D printing research activities, further enabling convergence between industries and increasing the breadth of applications of 4D printing technology. Technology: 4D printing technology (software, hardware, 4D printing materials) is still in early phase of S- curve. Dominant hardware/software architecture yet to be established. IP on 4D printing smart materials is building up. 4D technology will be getting increasingly popular as the trends toward its integration with the giant industries like manufacturing and healthcare, have increased.
6 .2 Future Work
Although not commercially available, self-assembly is just a beginning of a whole innovative world of manufacturing with minimum energy. As environmental, economic, human and other constraints continue to fluctuate, we will eventually need dynamic systems that can respond with ease and agility. 4D Printing is the first of its kind to offer this exciting capability. This is truly a radical shift in our understanding of structures, which have up to this point, remained static and rigid (think aerospace, automotive, building industries etc) and will soon be dynamic, adaptable and tuneable for on demand performance.
REFERENCE
1. Kurfess, T., Cass, W.J.: Rethinking additive manufacturing and intellectual property protection. Res. Technol. Manag. 57 (5), 35–42 (2014) 2. Pei, E.: 4D printing—revolution or fad? Assembly Autom. 34 (2), 123–127 (2014) 3. Pei, E.: 4D Printing: dawn of an emerging technology cycle. Assembly Autom. 34 (4), 310–314 (2014) 4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-dimensional_printing 5. Ge, Q., Dunn, C.K., Jerry, H.Q., Dunn, M.L.: Active origami by 4D printing. Smart Mater. Struct. 23 (9), 1–15 (2014) 6. Al Rhodan, N.: Programmable Matter: 4D Printing’s Promises and Risks. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs (2014) 7. Hoskins, S.: 3D Printing for Artists. Designers and Makers. Bloomsbury Publishing, London (2013) 8. www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/manufacturing-design/4d-printing- Advances-additive-manufacturing 9. https://www.sculpteo.com/en/3d-learning-hub/best-articles-about-3d-printing/4d- printing-technology/ 10. Ge, Q., Dunn, C.K., Jerry, H.Q., Dunn, M.L.: Active origami by 4D printing. Smart Mater. Struct. 23 (9), 1 – 15 (2014)
