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5: Artifact Descriptions
This chapter presents descriptions of the arti- facts recovered during the data recovery at Sites 44NR0009 and 44NR0012. Prehistoric artifacts are discussed first, followed by historic artifacts, which represent the primary component of the site that was the focus of data recovery.
Prehistoric ArtifActs
Data recovery at Sites 44NR0009 and 44NR yielded 21 prehistoric artifacts, all of which were recovered from historic deposits (and thus were redeposited, either intentionally or inadvertently, by the historic-era occupants of the two sites). Of this amount, one (5%) is from Feature 1 at Site 44NR0009 and 20 (95%) are from Feature 6 at Site 44NR0012. The prehistoric assemblages for each site are briefly described below and summa- rized in Table 3 and Appendix A. Treatment of artifacts in this section is descrip- tive and intended to give a general characterization of the material. Artifacts are described according to standard categories, as defined in Chapter 2.
Site 44NR
Informal Tool
Stratum II of Feature 1 yielded one utilized quartzite flake.
Site 44NR
DebITage
Two pieces of debitage (one quartz and one quartzite) were recovered from Stratum I of Feature 6.
HafTeD bIface One complete hafted biface was recovered from Feature 6 (Stratum I). This heavily sharpened, or retouched, hafted biface, fashioned from jas- per, most closely resembles the Big Sandy type, which has been dated to the Early Archaic period (8000–6000 BC) (Justice 1995:60–63) (Figure 5.1).
Informal Tools Two informal quartzite tools were recovered from Feature 6. One of these is a broken hafted biface with utilized edges from Stratum I, and the other is a utilized flake from Stratum II (Figure 5.2).
Informal grounDsTone Tools Archaeologists recovered five informal ground- stone tools all from Feature 6 deposits. Represented types include two complete quartzite hammer- stones (Stratum I), one quartzite mano/pestle (Stratum I), one quartzite metate (Stratum III), and one unidentified, groundstone tool fragment (Stratum III) (see Figure 5.2).
fIre-crackeD rock Feature 6 yielded 10 pieces of fire-cracked rock (six quartzite, three quartz, and one unidentified). Seven of these came from Stratum I, two from Stratum II, and one from Stratum III.
historic ArtifActs
The study of the recovered artifact assemblage and material culture offers a valuable means of gaining insight into the daily lives and behavior of
Figure 5.2. Site 44NR0012, selected prehistoric artifacts (hammerstone (F6 I); mano (F6 I); hafted biface (F6 I); unidentified, broken hafted biface [F6 III]).
Figure 5.1. Site 44NR0012, Big Sandy hafted biface (8000–6000 BC) (Feature 6 Stratum I).
socioeconomic status of the occupants at Site 44NR0009 and 44NR0012 and to reconstruct their life ways. This presentation is preceded by a discussion of ceramic cross-mendings and mean ceramic dates for the sites. This informa- tion contributes to the interpretation of the sites by revealing refuse disposal patterns, activity areas, and intensity of occupation, and episodes of abandonment. Artifact analyses, coupled with feature data, are used to address research issues in Chapter 6.
Summary of Historic Ceramic Cross-mend
and Mean Ceramic Date Analyses
Ceramic cross-mending is a valuable analytical tool for establishing relationships between features and strata (Noel Hume 1985: 267). It has the potential to provide information on refuse dis- posal practices and activity areas. Ceramic cross- mending at Site 44NR0009 and 44NR0012 was undertaken as part of the vesselization of sherds (see Laboratory Methods in Chapter 2). Site 44NR0009 yielded a minimum of 139 ceramic vessels, while vesselization and mending analysis resulted in identification of a total of 312 vessels, at minimum, represented in the assemblage from Site 44NR0012 (see Appendices A and E). Site 44NR0009 includes two vessels with cross-mends from different features. Specifically, fragments of a single Staffordshire slipware cham- ber pot (Vessel 78) were recovered from Features 4 and 56, contiguous trash pits in the northwest corner of the site. In addition, fragments from a single Buckley coarse earthenware bowl (Vessel
- were recovered from Feature 4 and from cellar Feature 1. Features 1 and 4 are the most spatially distinctive early colonial period features on the site, separated by nearly 27 m (88.5 ft.). Both features yielded among the highest number of ar- tifacts (n=1,283 and n=1,725, respectively) of any features at the two sites, and each was abandoned about the same time during the second quarter of the eighteenth century.
Site 44NR0012 ceramic cross-mends exist between 65 vessels throughout Feature 6 deposits, but mostly from Strata I–III. At least 12 different forms are represented, including bowls, saucers, plates, cups, pans, mugs, dishes, tea bowls, tea pots, pots, jars, and chamber pots (see Appendix E). Glass vessel fragments from Sites 44NR and 44NR0012, though not as prolific as ceram- ics, represent portions of 132 identified vessels. The 26 glass vessels from Site 44NR0009 include 16 wine bottles, three tumblers, three phials, two stemware, one case bottle, and one indeterminate tableware. Site 44NR0012 glass vessels (n=106) include 42 wine bottles, 26 phials, 13 stemware, eight tumblers, eight case bottles, three dram glasses, two indeterminate tableware vessels, and one each of a salt, a possible sugar bowl, an oil/vinegar bottle and a bottle of indeterminate function. The distribution of vessel mends at Sites 44NR0009 and 44NR0012 suggests that refuse was not transported in large amounts across these sites. At least nine ceramic vessels (Vessels 6, 14, 44, 60, 71, 78, 87, 90, and 92) at Site 44NR0009 document cross-mends and an asso- ciation between deposits, some of these at quite a distance from each other such as Vessels 14, 44, and 89 from Features 1 and 4. Cross-mends between strata within features, such as in Feature 4 at Site 44NR0009, and in Features 6 and 10 at Site 44NR0012, suggests that these features may have been filled over a fairly brief period of time, though the presence of a few pieces of creamware suggests that the initial deposits were probably capped with additional deposits later in the eigh- teenth century, as the initial fill deposits subsided over time creating surface depressions that once again became attractive for trash disposal. In general, the broader periods within the eighteenth century in which temporally diagnostic artifacts and features can be categorized include ca.1720–1750s (Period I), ca. 1750–1770s (Period II), and ca. 1770–1820s (Period III).
The mean ceramic date formula developed by Stanley South (1977:68–82) has become an ac- cepted standard type of analysis used to establish the period of major activity at British-American colonial sites, based upon the relative quantities of various ceramic ware types represented in a given assemblage in light of the documented manufac- ture date ranges for the specific ware types. The period of major activity may also be thought of as the period of major sherd breakage. South’s formula is based on sherd counts and assumes a high frequency of sherds are those that were in greatest use. The mean ceramic date derived from the formula should, according to South, approximate the median occupation time frame of the archaeological sites. Mean ceramic dates were calculated for Sites 44NR0009 and 44NR0012 as a whole, for each of Periods I–III, and for selected features, where there was sufficient data to permit the calculations (Tables 4 and 5). The mean ceramic dates for Sites 44NR0009 and 44NR0012, at large are 1727 and 1712, respectively. Using the occupation bracket date of ca. 1697–1820 from Newtown’s documented history, the mean ceramic dates are 31 and 46 years earlier than the known median historic date of 1758 (see Chapter 3). The mean ceramic dates for major features and deposits at Site 44NR0012 range from 68 years to 19 years earlier than the median date, except for Feature 3 (II), which exceeds the historical median date by four years. These differences may reflect the use of older ceramics (and ceramic types that had a long production span) by the site’s occupants, and/ or perhaps an assigned end bracket occupation date that is too late. This latter interpretation is suggested by the characteristics of the Period III assemblages at sites 44NR0009 and 44NR0012, which are relatively sparse. These materials (e.g., creamware, pearlware) were contained almost exclusively in capping deposits in cellars and trash pits, though had the most substantial presence in two of the abandoned wells at the two sites (Features 3 and 34), which were both abandoned
relatively late in the occupation of the two sites. The Period III artifacts likely represent ephemeral activity or much less intensive occupation very late in the history of settlement in Newtown, or perhaps even following abandonment of the town, as the landscape transitioned back into farmland. Given that most of the mean ceramic dates and TPQs for the features and deposits generally fall within the first half of the eighteenth century, activities on the sites may have indeed peaked late in Period I or early in Period II, a decade or so prior to the American Revolution and other (transitional) events in Newtown’s history (see Chapter 3, Historical Background).
Site 44NR0009: Period I Assemblage
(ca. 1720–1750s)
The Period I assemblage for Site 44NR comprises 4,207 artifacts, representing 78% of the total historic artifacts (n=5,403), and in- cludes many of the day-to-day items that were either lost or discarded by the early occupants of Site 44NR0009. These objects were found in feature deposits described in Chapter 4 and summarized in Table 6 (see Table 1 for feature designations).
kITcHen group This group consists of ceramics, bottle and table glass, utensils, and animal bone. The assemblage includes 808 food/beverage-related ceramics sherds. Of this group, 658 (81%) are tablewares and 150 (19%) are cooking/storage. Three hun- dred and thirty-three (51%) tableware sherds were recovered from Feature 1 (Strata I–III), 184 (28%) from Feature 4 (Strata II–IV), 48 (7%) from Feature 5 (Strata I–III), and 44 (7%) from Feature 56 (Strata I–II). Only 6% or less of the tableware ceramic sherds came from each of Features 39 (Strata II, III), 64 (Strata I, III–V), and 40 (Stratum I). Fifty-two (35%) of the cook- ing/storage vessel fragments are from Feature 66 (Stratum I), while 41 (27%) fragments were
Table 6. Site 44NR0009, Period I artifact assemblage by group (* refers to vessels).
COUNT WEIGHT KITCHEN GROUP Ceramics* Beverage Serving/Consumption
25
Food Serving/Consumption 21 Tea Drinking 8 Indeterminate Table Hollowware
6
Unidentified Utilitarian Hollowware
7
Food Preparation/Cooking 4 Beverage/Food Storage 4 Glassware* Wine Bottles 12 Tumblers 3 Stemware 2 Case Bottles 1 Indeterminate Tableware 1 Utensils Knives 2 Unidentified 1 Metal Cookingware Cast Iron Pot 3 Historic Faunal/Ethnobotanical Animal Bone 1, Fish Scales 217 Oyster Shell 410.4 kg MEDICINAL /HYGIENE GROUP Indeterminate Ceramic Fragments
21
Chamber Pot* 3 Phial (vessel count) 2 Wig Curler 1 PERSONAL GROUP Book Clasps 2 Whirligig 1
COUNT WEIGHT CLOTHING /CLOTHING RELATED Leather Shoe Frags. 16 Shoe Buckle Frags. 5 Belt Buckles 1 Straight Pin 1 FURNITURE GROUP Tin-enameled Earthenware Tiles*
2
SMOKING GROUP White Clay Tobacco Pipe Stem
169
White Clay Tobacco Pipe Bowl
10
ARMS GROUP Lead Bird Shot 2 ARCHITECTURE GROUP Hand Wrought Nails 796 Window Glass 133 Hand Wrought Spikes 23 Paving Tile 1 Architectural Stone 1 Hand Made Brick 430.85 kg Shell Mortar 1.27 kg UNASSIGNED /MISCELLANEOUS MATERIAL GROUP Possible Lock Fragments 9 Pig Iron 5 Copper and Iron Strapping 5 Possible Draw Knife 3 Copper Alloy Spur 1 Bridal Bit 1 Horse Shoe 1 Copper Alloy Rulers 1 Whetstone 1 Coral 1 Wooden Well Post 1 Other 114
Table 6. Site 44NR0009, Period I artifact assemblage by group (* refers
recovered from Feature 4, 36 (24%) from Feature 1, and 6% or less were recovered from each of Features 40, 64, 39, 5, 56, and 38. Most of the ceramic sherds are Staffordshire slipware (34%, n=274), followed by white salt- glaze stoneware (17%, n=136), tin-enameled earthenware (13%, n=104), Buckley coarse earth- enware, (7%, n=26), and English mottle glaze coarse earthenware (5%, n=40). Other identifiable types (i.e., Rhenish blue and gray, Staffordshire black coarse earthenware, Yorktown coarse earth- enware, English stoneware, Jackfield, Chinese porcelain) represent 6% or less of the assemblage (see Appendix A). The Period I assemblage includes at least 75 food/beverage-related ceramic vessels (see Appendix E). This group comprises beverage serving/consumption (33%, n=25), food serv- ing/consumption (28%, n=21), and tea drinking (11%, n=8). Unidentified utilitarian hollowwares represent 9% (n=7) and unidentified table hol- lowwares represent 8% (n=6) of the assemblage; beverage/food storage and food preparation/cook- ing each represent 5% (n=4) of the assemblage (see Appendix E). Ware types include coarse earthenware (Vessels 1, 12, 14, 16–18, 21, 26–28, 34, 35, 39, 40, and 42–44) and Staffordshire slipware (Vessels 79–81, 83–95, and 98), each at 23% (n=17); followed by tin-enameled earthenware (17%, n=13) (Vessels 99–105 and 107–112), white saltglaze stoneware (12%, n=9) (Vessels 118–121, 124, 127, 133, 134, and 136), Chinese porcelain and English Brown stoneware (each at 7%, n=5) (Vessels 2, 6, 7, 10, 11, 53–55, 59, and 60), Rhenish stoneware (5%, n=4) (Vessels 73–76), white slip dipped white saltglaze stoneware (3%, n=2) (Vessels 136 and 137), and Jackfield, cream-colored earth- enware, and miscellaneous refined earthenware (Vessels 47, 63, and 66), each at 1% (n=1). Identifiable functional groups include dishes (19%, n=14), followed by mugs (12%, n=9), bowls (11%, n=8), plates (9%, n=7), cups (9%, n=7), tea bowls (5%, n=4), pots and saucers, (each
at 4%, n=3) and coarse earthenware bowls and pans (each at 3%, n=2), and jugs, jars, and tea pots (each at 1%, n=1). As previously noted, unidenti- fied utilitarian hollowware comprises 9% (n=7) of the food/beverage-related vessel assemblage and unidentified table hollowware, 8% (n=6). A selection of identifiable hollowwares is shown in Figures 5.3–5.6 (see Appendix E). The assemblage includes 212 beverage-related glass fragments: 194 pieces of dark green bottle glass, 12 tumbler fragments (Feature 4), five stemware (Features 1 and 66), and one indeterminate tableware frag- ment (Feature 40). Eighty-one of the bottle glass fragments came from Feature 4 (Strata II–IV), 63 came from Feature 1, 16 from Feature 39, 10 from Feature 40, nine from Feature 64 (Strata I–IV), nine from Feature 5, and five or less from each of Features 38 and 56. From this group, a minimum of 19 food/beverage-related vessels were identified, including 12 wine bottles, three tumblers, two stemware, one case bottle, and one indeterminate tableware. In addition to the ceramics, the kitchen as- semblage includes two iron knives and one unidentified utensil, and three fragments of cast iron pots. The kitchen group contains 1,552 pieces of animal bone, 217 fish scales, and 410.4 kg (904. lb.) of oyster shell. Three hundred and seventy- seven (24%) of the bones are from Feature 1, 632 (41%) are from Feature 4, 233 (15%) are from Feature 5, 147 (9%) are from Feature 39, and 8% or less are from Features 64, 38, 40, 56, 65, and
- Six hundred and sixty-one faunal specimens were analyzed from Features 1, 4, 39, and 64. At least 11 different domestic and wild species are represented, including cow, swine, sheep/goat, and raccoon (see Appendix B).
meDIcInal/HygIene group This group is represented by three chamber pots (Vessels 68, 69, and 78) from Features 1 and 4, seven phial fragments representing a minimum of two vessels from Feature 1(Stratum I, East
_Figure 5.5. Site 44NR0009, coarse earthenware cup, 4 1/8 in. rim diameter, 4 7/16 in. high (Vessel
- (F1 II West Half )._
Figure 5.6. Site 44NR0009, Staffordshire slipware dish, ca. 2nd/3rd quarter 18th c., 13 7/8 in. approximate diameter, 2 5/8 in. high (Vessel 95) (F4 IV).
Figure 5.7. Site 44NR0009, Staffordshire slipware chamber pot, ca. 1720s–1740s, 6 1/2 in. approximate maximum body diameter, >5 3/8 in. high (incomplete) (Vessel 78) (F4 III, F IV).
Half, and Stratum II, East Balk), one wig curler from Feature 1 (Stratum II, East Half), and 21 unidentified medicinal/hygiene-related ceramic items from Features 1 (Stratum I, East and West Halves), 39 (Strata II and III), 4 (Strata I and II), 5 (Stratum I), and 38 (Figure 5.7).
personal group
This group consists of a lead whirligig from Feature 1 and two copper alloy book clasps with iron tacks from Feature 4 (Stratum IV) (Figure 5.8; see Figure 4.10).
cloTHIng/cloTHIng relaTeD
This group consists of 16 leather shoe fragments from Feature 64 (Stratum V), five copper alloy shoe buckle fragments from Features 1 (Stratum I West Half) and 4 (Stratum I and IV), one possible copper alloy belt buckle from Feature 56 (Stratum
II), and one copper alloy straight pin from Feature 64 (Stratum III) (Figures 5.9 and 5.10).
smokIng group This group consists of 169 white clay pipe stems and 10 white clay pipe bowls. Two of the stems are decorated, one with an impressed diamond band and one is rouletted. One hundred and forty-six (87%) of the stems were recovered from Feature
- Seventeen stem fragments (10%) were recov- ered from Feature 4. The pipe bowls came from Features 1, 4, 5, 9, and 64 (see Figure 4.9).
furnITure group This group consists of two tin-enameled earth- enware fireplace tiles (Vessels 114 and 115) from Feature 1 (Stratum II East Half). One of these is decorated blue with a ship, and the other, manga- nese, with an architectural scene (Figure 5.11).
Figure 5.10. Plan and profile drawings of seventeenth-century shoe components similar to those recovered from Feature 64-V at Site 44NR0009 (Morgan et al. 1997:28, 32).
Figure 5.11. Tin-enameled earthenware fireplace tiles (left - Vessel 114, ca. 1740s–1750s; right - Vessel 115, general 18th c. [both - F1 II East Half]).
arms group
This group includes two lead bird shot, one each from Feature 1 (Stratum I) and Feature 39 (Stratum IV).
arcHITecTural group
This group consists of 954 architectural artifacts, including 796 wrought nails, 133 pieces of win- dow glass, 23 hand wrought spikes, one paving tile, one architectural stone, 430.85 kg (949. lb.) of handmade brick, and 1.27 kg (2.79 lb.) of shell mortar. Two hundred and sixty-four (33%) of the nails came from Feature 4, 150 (19%) came from Feature 1, 155 (19%) came from Feature 39, and less than 10% came from each of the other Period I feature deposits.
unassIgneD/mIscellaneous acTIvITIes group
This group consists of 143 unassigned and/or miscellaneous artifacts, including possible lock
fragments, a bridal bit, a horse shoe fragment, a copper alloy spur, a copper alloy ruler, draw knife fragments, a whetstone, and unidentified glassware, among other artifacts (Figure 5.12).
Site 44NR0009: Period II Assemblage
(ca. 1750s–1770s)
The Period II assemblage includes 1,477 artifacts, representing 27% of the total historic artifacts (n=5,403) recovered from Site 44NR0009. The assemblage includes artifacts from the kitchen, clothing, architectural, furniture, and arms groups (Table 7). These items were recovered from fea- ture deposits identified in Table 1.
kITcHen group This group consists of ceramics, bottle and table glass, utensils, and animal bone. The as- semblage includes 253 food/beverage-related ceramics sherds. Of this group, 225 (89%) are
Table 7. Site 44NR0009, Period II artifact assemblage by group (* refers to vessels).
COUNT WEIGHT FURNITURE GROUP Tin-enameled Earthenware Tiles*
2
SMOKING GROUP White Clay Tobacco Pipe Stem
7
White Clay Tobacco Pipe Bowl
2
ARMS /MILITARY Lead Shot 2 ARCHITECTURE GROUP Hand Wrought Nails 313 Window Glass 42 Hand Wrought Spikes 5 Hand Made Brick 130.5 kg Shell Mortar 17.1 g UNASSIGNED /MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVITIES GROUP
Indeterminate/other 5 Wooden Well Ring 3 Tapered (Well) Planks with Spikes
2
Wooden (Well) Lift Pump 1 Unidentified Iron Hinge-like Strapping
1
Copper and Iron Strapping 1 Indeterminate Iron Pull-like Object
1
Grindstone 1 Iron Sheet Metal 2
Table 7. Site 44NR0009, Period II artifact assemblage by group (* refers
COUNT WEIGHT KITCHEN GROUP Ceramics * Tea Drinking 9 Beverage Serving/consumption 8 Unidentified Utility Hollowware
8
Food Preparation/cooking 6 Beverage/food Storage 6 Food Serving/consumption 2 Unidentified Table Hollowware
2
Glassware Wine Bottles* 5 Indeterminate Tableware 3 Utensils Unidentified 1 Metal Cookingware Cast Iron Pot 2 Historic Faunal/Ethnobotanical Animal Bone 231 Fish Scales 3 Oyster Shell 235.2 kg Periwinkle 1 2.5 g MEDICINAL /HYGIENE GROUP Chamber Pot* 3 Phial* 1 CLOTHING /CLOTHING RELATED Straight Pins 5 Shoe Buckle Fragments 2
One hundred and ten (48%) of the bones are from Feature 6, 105 (45%) are from Feature 4 (Stratum I), and less than 6% are from Features 7, 8, and 35. The Period II assemblage includes domestic and wild species such as cow, pig, sheep/ goat, shark, and raccoon (see Appendix B).
meDIcInal/HygIene group
This group is represented by four chamber pot fragments, three pieces of phial glass, and 28 Rhenish stoneware and tin-enameled earthenware sherds, which are probably remnants of either chamber pots or ointment jars. Of this assem- blage, a minimum of three chamber pots (Vessels 15, 70, and 71) have been identified from Features 6 and 7, and one glass phial from Feature 6.
cloTHIng/cloTHIng relaTeD
This group consists of five copper alloy straight pins from Feature 5 (Stratum I), and two cop- per alloy shoe buckle fragments from Feature 4 (Stratum I).
smokIng group This group consists of seven plain white clay pipe stems and two undecorated white clay pipe bowls. The stems were recovered from Features 4 (Stratum I) and 35, and the bowls came from Features 4 (Stratum I) and 6.
furnITure group This group consists of two tin-enameled earth- enware fireplace tile fragments, one plain from Feature 8, and the other, with black transfer print, from Feature 37.
arms group This group is represented by two pieces of lead bird shot from Feature 8.
arcHITecTural group This group consists of 360 architectural artifacts, including 313 wrought nails, 42 pieces of window glass, five hand wrought spikes, 130.5 kg (287. lb.) of handmade brick, and 0.017 kg (0.037 lb.)
Figure 5.13. Site 44NR0009, white saltglaze stoneware plate (Vessel 125) (F6) (1740–1775).
came from Feature 3 (Stratum I) and two from Feature 3 (Stratum II). Thirty-one percent (n=14) of the sherds in the kitchen group are creamware. Considerably smaller percentages are represented in the kitchen group by white saltglaze stoneware at 16% (n=7), tin-enameled earthenware, English stoneware, Jackfield, and Staffordshire slipware (each at 9% [n=4]). Other types (i.e., coarse earthenware and Chinese porcelain) represent 7% or less of the Period III kitchen ceramic assemblage (see Appendix A). The vessel mending analysis determined that the Period III kitchen group of artifacts includes at least 12 food/beverage-related ceramic vessels and one indeterminate vessel (see Appendix E). This group comprises indeterminate table hol- lowware (38%, n=5), tea drinking (23%, n=3), beverage serving/consumption and indeterminate utilitarian hollowware (each at 15%, n=2), and one (8%) vessel representing an indeterminate function group (see Appendix E). Ceramic ware types represented in the vessels that were mended from the Period III kitchen group include creamware (38%, n=5) (Vessels 48–52), English Brown stoneware and Jackfield (each at 15%, n=2) (Vessels 56, 57, 62, and 64), and Chinese porcelain, pearlware, Staffordshire slipware, and white slipped dipped saltglaze stoneware (each at 8%, n=1) (Vessels 4, 65, 96, and 139). Functional groups represented in the assem- blage of mended vessels include one each (8%) of bowls (Vessel 62), mugs (Vessel 139), tea bowls (Vessel 51), saucers (Vessel 50), tea pot (Vessel 52), and five (38%) unidentified table hollowwares (Vessels 4, 48, 49, 64, and 97). Also represented are two unidentified utilitarian hollowwares (Vessels 56 and 57), and one (8%) indeterminate form (Figure 5.15) (see Appendix E). The Period III kitchen group assemblage includes 14 dark green round bottle fragments
C OUNT W EIGHT (K G) K ITCHEN G ROUP Ceramics * Indeterminate Table Hollowware 5 Tea Drinking 3 Beverage Serving/consumption 2 Indeterminate Utility Hollowware 2 Indeterminate Function 1 Glassware * Wine Bottle 1 Historic Faunal/Ethnobotanical Animal Bone 39 Oyster Shell 13. M EDICINAL/H YGIENE G ROUP Unidentified Ceramic Vessel Fragments
3
C LOTHING/C LOTHING-RELATED Leather Shoe Frags 1 S MOKING G ROUP White Clay Tobacco Pipe Stem 1 White Clay Tobacco Pipe Bowl 1 ARMS/M ILITARY Gun Flint 2 ARCHITECTURE G ROUP Hand Wrought Nails 46 Hand Wrought Spikes 9 Window Glass 2 Hand Made Brick 92. U NASSIGNED/M ISCELLANEOUS G ROUP Unidentified Iron 4 Unidentified Glass 3 Iron Strapping 1
Table 8. Site 44NR0009, Period III artifact assemblage by group (* refers to vessels). Table 8. Site 44NR0009, Period III artifact assemblage by group (* refers to vessels).
unassIgneD/mIscellaneous acTIvITIes group This group includes four pieces of unidentified iron, three pieces of unidentified glass, and one piece of iron strapping.
Site 44NR0012: Period I Assemblage
(ca. 1720s–1750s)
The Period I assemblage includes 1,079 artifacts, representing 5% of the total historic artifacts (n=22,998) recovered from Site 44NR0012. The assemblage came from Features 6 (Stratum IV), 8, 10, 37, and 40, and, as summarized below, includes kitchen, medicinal/hygiene, smoking, and architectural groups, among others (Table
- (see Chapter 4).
kITcHen group This group consists of ceramics, bottle and table glass, utensils, and animal bone. The assemblage includes 102 food/beverage-related ceramic sherds (see Table 9). Of this group, 81 (79%) are table- wares and 21 (21%) are cooking-related. Forty- seven (58%) tableware sherds were recovered from Feature 10, 29 (36%) from Feature 6 (Stratum IV), and five (5%) from Feature 8. Nineteen (90%) of the cooking/storage vessel fragments are from Feature 10 and one (5%) each, from Features 6 (Stratum IV) and 8. Most of the sherds are tin-enameled (28%, n=29), followed by Rhenish blue and gray stone- ware (23%, n=23), white saltglaze stoneware (17%, n=17), colonoware (15%, n=15), Rhenish gray stoneware (5%, n=5) and Staffordshire slipware (4%, n=4). Other identifiable types (i.e., Buckley coarse earthenware, Jackfield, and Chinese porcelain) represent 2% or less (see Appendix A). The kitchen ceramic group includes a mini- mum of five vessels: two colonoware bowls (Vessels 314 and 315) and one each of a Buckley coarse earthenware pan (Vessel 50), a tin-enam- eled punch bowl (Vessel 159), and an unidentified
and one case bottle fragment. The former group includes one base that dates to the fourth quarter of the eighteenth century and one neck that dates circa 1730s–1740s. Seven of the round bottle fragments (including the diagnostic examples) and the case bottle came from Stratum I and the remainder from Stratum II of Feature 3. This sub- assemblage represents a minimum of one wine bottle (Vessel 28) from Feature 3 (Stratum I). The kitchen group contains 39 pieces of ani- mal bone, and 13.2 kg (29.1 lb.) of oyster shell, all from Feature 3. Twenty-seven (67%) of the bone fragments came from Stratum II and 12 (33%) from Stratum I, and these represent cow and pig (see Appendix B).
meDIcInal/HygIene group
This group comprises three unidentified medici- nal/hygiene vessel fragments (two Rhenish blue and gray and one tin-enameled earthenware) from Feature 3 (Strata I and II).
cloTHIng/cloTHIng relaTeD
This group consists of one piece of a leather shoe vamp from Feature 3 (Stratum II).
smokIng group
This group consists of one plain white clay pipe stem and one undecorated white clay pipe bowl from Feature 3 (Stratum II).
arms/mIlITary
This group consists of two gray gunflints from Feature 3 (Stratum I) (Figure 5.16).
arcHITecTural group
This group consists of 57 architectural artifacts, including 46 wrought nails, two pieces of window glass, nine hand wrought spikes, and 92.8 kg (204.5 lb.) of handmade brick. Sixty-seven per- cent of the nails/spikes, and window glass came from Feature 3 (Stratum II).
