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7 Psych Study Questions
Stress and Health stressors: specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the personʼs well-being stress: the physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors health psychology: the subfield of psychology concerned with how psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health. chronic stressors: sources of stress that occur continuously or repeatedly. perceived control is important fight-or-flight response: an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action Endocrine Response to Stress general adaptation syndrome (GAS): three-stage physiological stress response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered nonspecific Many different types of stressors cause similar physiological patterns of response
In Selyeʼs theory, resistance to stress builds over time, but then can only last so long before exhaustion sets in. Alarm phase: mobilize resources body rapidly mobilizes its resources to respond to the threat. Energy is required, and the body calls on its stored fat and muscle. The alarm phase is equivalent to Cannonʼs fight-or-flight response. Resistance phase: cope with stressor the body adapts to its high state of arousal as it tries to cope with the stressor. Continuing to draw on resources of fat and muscle, it shuts down unnecessary processes: Digestion, growth, and sex drive stall; menstruation stops; production of testosterone and sperm decreases. The body is being taxed to generate resistance, and all the fun stuff is put on hold. Exhaustion phase: reserves depleted The bodyʼs resistance collapses. Many of the resistance-phase defenses cause gradual damage as they operate, leading to costs for the body that can include susceptibility to infection, tumor growth, aging, irreversible organ damage, or death. stress significantly accelerates the aging process
telomeres 端粒 : caps at the ends of the chromosomes that prevent the chromosomes from sticking to each other Each time a cell divides, the telomeres become slightly shorter. If they become too short, cells can no longer divide, which can lead to the development of tumors and a range of diseases. telomerase 端粒酶 : enzyme that rebuilds telomeres at the tips of chromosomes People exposed to chronic stress have shorter telomere length and lower telomerase activity
interpretations of stressors can change threats into challenges sympathetic arousal: signals a challenge orientation threats increase vascular reactivity burnout: state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion resulting from long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation. repeatedly encounter emotional turmoil on the job Thought to be caused by defining selfonly by your career repressive coping: avoiding feelings, thoughts, or situations that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint Rational coping: facing the stressor and working to overcome it. Reframing: finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat Stress-inoculation training (SIT): reframing technique that helps people cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situations Meditation: the practice of intentional contemplation. relaxation therapy: technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body. electromyography (EMG): a technique used to measure the subtle activity of muscles Biofeedback: the use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and then to possibly gain control over that function Biofeedback gives people access to visual or audio feedback showing levels of psychophysiological functions—such as heart rate, breathing, brain electrical activity, or skin temperature—that they would otherwise be unable to sense directly. technological overkill矫正过枉 有可能 psychosomatic illness: an interaction between mind and body that can produce illness somatic symptom disorders: a person with at least one bodily symptom displays significant health-related anxiety, expresses disproportionate concerns about their symptoms, and devotes excessive time and energy to their symptoms or health concerns
sick role: a socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness Psychological Disorders mental disorder: a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment medical model: an approach that conceptualizes abnormal psychological experiences as illnesses that, like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): a classification system that describes the symptoms used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems. Proposed Models of How Disorders Develop diathesis–stress model: a person may be predisposed to a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC): a new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them.
Major depressive disorder (or unipolar depression): a severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbance. persistent depressive disorder: the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer, persisting for at least 2 years double depression: a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression. seasonal affective disorder (SAD): recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern Helplessness theory: individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (i.e., their own fault), stable (i.e., unlikely to change), and global (i.e., widespread). bipolar disorder: a condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression) expressed emotion: a measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional overinvolvement people communicate when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder Schizophrenia: the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior Positive symptoms of schizophrenia: thoughts and behaviors, such as delusions and hallucinations, not seen in those without the disorder Hallucinations: false perceptual experiences that have a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation. Delusions: false beliefs, o en bizarre and grandiose, that are maintained in spite of their irrationality. Disorganized speech: a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shi rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics. Grossly disorganized behavior: behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals Catatonic behavior: a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity. Negative symptoms: deficits in or disruptions of normal emotions and behaviors Cognitive symptoms: deficits in cognitive abilities, specifically in executive functioning, attention, and working memory dopamine hypothesis: the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity Considerable evidence suggests that this hypothesis is inadequate Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits, as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities.
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments in functioning Conduct disorder: persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or the , or serious rule violations Personality disorders: enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning antisocial personality disorder (APD): a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. Suicide: intentional self-inflicted death suicide attempts: potentially harmful behavior with some intention of dying, nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI): direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of any intent to die. Treatment of Psychological Disorders psychotherapy: an interaction between a socially sanctioned clinician and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem. eclectic psychotherapy: a form of psychotherapy that involves drawing on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem. Psychodynamic psychotherapies: explore childhood events and encourage individuals to use the understanding gained from the exploration to develop insight into their psychological problems. interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT): a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships Person-centered therapy (or client-centered therapy): assumes that all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance by and genuine reactions from the therapist. humanistic Gestalt therapy: has the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to “own” or take responsibility for them. Behavior therapy: disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt, maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors. token economy: involves giving clients “tokens” for desired behaviors that they can later trade for rewards. Exposure therapy: approach to treatment of the client that involves confronting an emotion- arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response cognitive therapy: focuses on helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world
