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A & P 2 Straighterline Final Exam (Latest
Update 2025/ 2026) Questions and Answers
(100% Verified Elaborations)
Question:
When erythrocytes are destroyed, which of the following events occurs?
Answer:
The globin portion of the molecule is broken down into amino acids.
Question:
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens Answer:
on the red cells
Question:
In the platelet release reaction,
Answer:
ADP and thromboxanes stimulate other platelets to become activated.
Question:
The hematocrit is
Answer:
d. the percentage of RBCs in a given volume of blood.
Question:
What vitamin is necessary to produce many clotting factors in the liver?
Answer:
Vitamin K
Question:
A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of blood functioning in Answer:
a. protection.
Question:
The oxygenated form of hemoglobin is called oxyhemoglobin
Question:
The only formed elements that possess a nucleus when mature are the
Answer:
c. leukocytes
Question:
Plasma
Answer:
. is the liquid matrix of the blood.
Question:
An increased amount of heparin in the blood might
Answer:
. prevent clotting process.
Answer:
regulation of pH
Question:
What is tissue thromboplastin?
Answer:
A compound released by damaged tissue that initiates the extrinsic clotting pathway
Question:
A deficiency of which of the following stem cells would result in a marked increase in the clotting time of blood?
Answer:
megakaryoblast
Question:
Macrophages are derived from monocytes
Question:
Which of the following events is one of the three main stages of coagulation?
Answer:
conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Question:
The "pacemaker" of the heart is the
Answer:
SA node
Question:
Where is blood moving during the period of ejection?
Answer:
Ventricles to great vessels
Question:
The adult heart averages ___________ grams.
Answer:
Question:
The epicardium covers the surface of the heart.
Question:
Energy for contraction of myocardial cells comes primarily from aerobic respiration in the mitochondria
Question:
What event(s) occur during the QRS complex of an ECG? Answer:
depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the atria
Question:
Which of the following is administered to the people suffering from myocardial infarction following onset of symptoms?
Answer:
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
Question:
Which of the following might increase the risk for cardiovascular disease?
Answer:
chronic stress
Question:
Aortic stenosis results from a narrowed opening through the aortic valve
Question:
An incompetent pulmonary semilunar valve could result in less blood reaching the lungs
Question:
A patient has been diagnosed with mild heart disease. Tests show that some of the coronary arteries are partially occluded. Which of the following is the best course of action to treat the disease? Angioplasty
Question:
Angina pectoris is chest pain caused by reduced blood supply to cardiac muscle.
Question:
Coronary artery disease can diminish myocardial blood flow resulting in the death of myocardial cells. This condition is known as a myocardial infarction
Question:
What abnormal heart rhythm could be caused by an elevated body temperature, excessive sympathetic stimulation, or toxic conditions?
Answer:
tachycardia
Question:
Which type of vessel has the greatest compliance?
Answer:
veins
Question:
Which of the following thoracic organs is supplied by a parietal branch of the thoracic aorta?
Answer:
the intercostal muscles
Question:
Increased pressure in the aortic arch will activate the aortic arch reflex and cause increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
Question:
According to Poiseuille's law, if resistance increases, flow decreases
Question:
The exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of
Answer:
capillaries.
Question:
Resistance to blood flow is greatest in arterioles
Question:
The major types of veins are ____________, ____________, and ______.
Answer:
superficial veins, deep veins, and sinuses
Question:
What are vasa vasorum?
Answer:
Blood vessels that nourish the tunica adventitia and tunica media.
Question:
Which statement is CORRECT?
Answer:
Veins contain valves and arteries do not.
Question:
Which of the following functions is associated with vessels that carry blood directly from arterioles to veins without passing through capillaries?
Answer:
thermoregulation
Question:
Which of the following organs would be most likely to contain fenestrated capillaries?
Answer:
kidney
Question:
Case study:
Answer:
Dale Fremore was back home after spending the day at a picnic where he ate some "spoiled" potato salad. He developed severe abdominal pain and cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. After about ten to twelve episodes of water diarrhea, Mr. Fremore became so pale and weak he could hardly walk. His wife took him to the hospital where he was diagnosed with severe dehydration (decreased plasma volume). Mr. Fremore was suffering from shock. The body has several mechanisms that can come into play to try to maintain blood pressure and blood flow when a person goes into shock.
Question:
Compensatory shock is characterized by a narrowed pulse pressure. Which of the following blood pressure readings is an example of a narrowed pulse pressure?
Answer:
Question:
Case study:
Answer:
Dale Fremore was back home after spending the day at a picnic where he ate some "spoiled" potato salad. He developed severe abdominal pain and cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. After about ten to twelve episodes of water diarrhea, Mr. Fremore became so pale and weak he could hardly walk. His wife took
Question:
The white pulp of the spleen
Answer:
contains lymphocytes that can stimulate an immune response.
Question:
Describe the wall of lymphatic capillaries.
Answer:
Thin-walled, with overlapping squamous cells
Question:
Lymph nodules are located in the loose connective tissue of Answer:
the digestive system.
Question:
Lymph exits a lymph node via the efferent Answer:
lymphatic vessels.
Question:
The spleen
Answer:
. filters damaged red blood cells from the blood.
Question:
The palatine tonsils are located at the junction of the oral Answer:
cavity and pharynx.
Question:
Lymph movement is assisted by
Answer:
contraction of skeletal muscle, contraction of smooth muscle in lymph vessel, pressure changes in the thorax during respiration, and compression of lymphatic vessels.
Question:
What structural feature of lymphatic vessels is responsible to forward movement of lymph?
Answer:
valves
Question:
Bacteria and debris are actively removed from the lymph by _____ in the sinuses of lymph nodes.
Answer:
macrophages
Question:
What is the function of thymosin?
Answer:
maturation of T cells
Question:
Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphatic organ?
Answer:
thymus gland
Question:
The secondary or memory response provides better Answer:
protection than the primary response.
Question:
Lymphocyte activation can occur in several ways. However, in all cases Answer:
lymphocytes must recognize an antigen.
Question:
Circulatory changes that occur in inflammation include
Answer:
increased vascular permeability
Question:
Transfusing a person with plasma proteins from a person or an animal that has been actively immunized against a specific antigen provides passive immunity
Question:
Which of the following might occur after a helper T cell is presented with a processed antigen and costimulated?
Answer:
Helper T cells release interleukins that stimulate B cells to clone.
Question:
Several days after an initial contact with an antigen, antibody blood levels increases. This is a primary response
Question:
Which of the following cytokines is mismatched?
Answer:
lymphotoxin - costimulator of T cells
Question:
Antibodies have a variable region that binds to a specific antigenic Answer:
determinant.
Question:
In a patient experiencing a parasitic worm infection, which of the following immune cells will greatly increase in number?
Answer:
eosinophils
Question:
The intense inflammatory response seen in poison ivy is due to activity of the delayed Answer:
hypersensitivity cells.
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
Answer:
increases turbulence and surface area for cleaning, warming and moisturizing the air
Question:
Arrange the following structures in the order air passes through them during inhalation: (1) alveolar ducts (2) alveolus (3) respiratory bronchiole (4) terminal bronchiole
(5) Answer:
Question:
Which of the following is NOT a process of respiration?
Answer:
voice production
Question:
The major regulator of respiration is the plasma concentration of carbon Answer:
dioxide
Question:
Rhythmicity of breathing involves
Answer:
the pre-Bötzinger complex of the ventral respiratory group.
Question:
Blood oxygen levels within the normal PO2 range have little effect on Answer:
regulation of respiration.
Question:
Whose law explains that an increase in volume causes a decrease in pressure?
Answer:
Boyles Law
Question:
What is the volume of air that can be forcibly expired after expiration of the tidal volume?
Answer:
expiratory reserve volume
Question:
Why is fetal hemoglobin very efficient at picking up oxygen?
Answer:
The fetal oxygen-dissociation curve is to the left of the maternal oxygen-dissociation curve.
Question:
Arrange the following in order from highest to lowest PO2. (1) PO2 of pulmonary veins (2) PO2 of pulmonary artery (3) PO2 of alveolar air 3, 1, 2
Question:
