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AAAE CM FINAL EXAM||2025-2026|| ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) ||A+GRADE
Where does TSA have regulatory influences and authority within the terminal? - Answer 1. Checkpoint operations
- Airport police response to checkpoints and incidents
- Unattended bags
- Unattended vehicles What did the Air Commerce Act (1926) prohibit?
- Answer Using federal funds to build or improve airports. Works Progress Administration (WPA)
- Answer Provided 50% of needed funding. Built over 800 new airports. Air Commerce Act of 1926 created what?
- Answer Aeronautics Branch (soon known as the Civil Aeronautics Admin) under the Dept. of Commerce. Charged with fostering air commerce, establishing air traffic control, licensing for pilots, aircraft certification, establishing airways, and issue and enforce air traffic rules What was the effective beginning of privatized space flight? – Answer Final flight ofthe U.S. space shuttle. What does a GA Reliever airport do?
- Answer Relieves a Commercial airport fromGA traffic. What is the enplanement threshold for commercial service? Answer 2, Large hubs have what percentage of U.S. enplanements?
- Answer 70% or more of the enplanements What are the cloud ceiling and visibility requirements for Visual Flight Rules?
- Answer Cloud ceiling: 1,000' Visibility requirements: 3 miles "1000 and 3" What is the entity who is responsible for airport governance?
- Answer The Airport Sponsor. What is the most common airport ownership type in the U.S.?
- Answer Municipalities (cities and counties)
Who sets standards for security access control systems?
- Answer The RadioTechnical Commission on Aeronautics How many days are required for the Notice of Proposed Rule-Making?
- Answer 30 days What is the directive to FAA personnel on specific subjects and programs?
- Answer The FAA Order What is the method the FAA has found to be the best to extend federal policy to local government units?
- Answer Grant Assurances What is 14 CFR Part 13 Investigation and Enforcement
- Answer The informal complaint system that is filed with the Airport District Office. FAA will investigate andoffer to help resolve. If the sponsor is in violation, the FAA provides the opportunity to comply. A Notice of Noncompliance may be issued if the FAA believes the airport is non- compliant. The letter will identify the apparent violation(s), specifies corrective action(s), and gives a deadline. What is 14 CFR Part 16 Rules of Practice for Federally-Assisted Airport Enforcement Proceedings - Answer The formal complaint system that is filed in Washington DC. It involves financial compliance and reasonable and nondiscriminatory access, but includes all obligations in the Grant Assurances and property deeds. Formal agency finding regarding the compliance status of an airport. Prior to a Part 16 complaint, a person must have initiated and engaged in good faith efforts to resolve informally (Part 13 will work). Deadline driven, including pleadings, investigations, and lawyers If airport is non-compliant, FAA may withhold new grants, withhold payment on existing grants, terminate eligibility for future grants and passenger facility charges; cease and desist orders; civil penalties; or judicial enforcement. What does the Tucker Act do?
- Answer Waives immunity over claims arising out of contracts with the federal government. What agency has the power to make safety related regulations after an aircraft accident? - Answer The FAA Who produces standards and recommended practices for aviation worldwide? - Answer The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) What professional industry trade organization represents GA pilots of small aircraft?
- Answer Aircraft Owners & Pilots Association What does Grant Assurance #21 (Compatible Land Use) ensure?
- Answer The sponsor must make a reasonable attempt at compatible land use
with commercial air carriers Only those who use aviation would pay for it Who began the first U.S. air freight service (between Detroit and Chicago)?
- Answer Henry Ford Who carried out most of the commercial related aviation activities before the Air Mail Act?
- Answer The US Army carried mail for the post office What is a Fixed Based Operator?
- Answer FBOs were originally fuel and rest stops for pilots. The buildings were then turned into terminals as aviation grew. What is the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE)?
- Answer Established in 1928. First airport management trade organization. Consisted of 10 airport directors attending the National Air Races at mines Field (now LAX). Adopted first professional accreditation standards in 1954. Provides lobbying, regulatory services, training, accreditation, and other professional development programs. What was the Aeronautics Branch was reorganized and restructured into? - Answer Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) under the Dept of Commerce What did the Civil Aeronautics Admin (CAA) split into, and what were the duties of each branch? - Answer CAA maintained Air Traffic Control, Pilot and aircraft certification, Safety enforcement, and Airway development Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) ensured safety rules, conducting aircraft accident investigations, economic regulation of the airlines, approving air routes, and regulating airfares What was the Development of Landing Areas for National Defence (DLAND) appropriation? - Answer Secretary of War and Commerce & Secretary of the Navy could acquire land for airport development needed for the war effort. 986 airports built in the US. Post war, 500 airports were declared surplus and handed over to public cities and counties for civil use. Airport sponsor had to promise to make the airport available for public use without discrimination, and to allow the the
government to use in the event of a national emergency. What did the Federal Air to Airports Program (FAAP) in 1946 do? - Answer Provided grant funds for certain projects, mostly RW and TW development. Airport had be in the National airport Plan (NAP)
Criteria: airports must be publicly accessible, be commercial service (2, enplanements), be a GA reliever, have a USPS contract, be an National Guard base, or meet other conditions. How many airports are there in the US, how many are public use, and how many are on the NPIAS? - Answer 19,360 nation wide 5,148 public use 3,345 on NPIAS What percentage of worldwide aviation is in the US? - Answer 40% What three primary measurements does the FAA use on airports? - Answer Enplanements - a passenger boarding a commercial service aircraft or transferring to another commercial service flight Operations - an aircraft taking off or landing Cargo - measured in annual tonnage moved through the airport What is hub size dependent on? - Answer percentage of enplanements. A large hub accounts for 70% of passenger enplanements. How many enplanements are needed to be a Primary commercial service airport? - Answer Over 10, What are the 5 types of airports in the US? - Answer Private - no federal funds Commercial service Cargo service General Aviation and General Aviation Reliever Military What are the four types of GA Airports? - Answer National (very high levels of activity, approx 200 based aircraft) Regional (high levels of activity, approx 90 based aircraft) Local (moderate levels of activity, approx 33 based aircraft) - "backbone" of GA Basic (low levels of activity, approx 10 based aircraft) What are the three types of military airports? - Answer Pure military - entirely owned by DOD, and is not regulated by the FAA or TSA. Joint-Use - owned by DOD, both military and civilian aircraft share the airfield, but space is leased for the commercial service airport. Shared-Use - US government owned airport that is co-located with a civil airport, and they share portions of the runways and taxiways.
14 CFR Part 91 General Aviation - Answer Private flight or general aviation 14 CFR Part 119 - Answer Requirements for flying for hire 14 CFR Part 121 Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations - Answer Scheduled air carriers Can only fly into Part 139 airports 14 CFR Part 135 Operating Requirements: Commuter and On Demand Operations - Answer Air charter or air taxi, certain commuter operations 14 CFR Part 125, Certification and Operations - Answer Airplanes having a seating capacity of 20+ or a max payload capacity of 6,000 lbs or more 14 CFR Part 380, Public Charters - Answer One-way or round-trip flight performed by one or more direct air carriers and sponsored by a charter operator. Does not have to meet Part 121 standards. Pilot requirements before a flight - Answer 1. Check the Airport Facility Directory (aka Chart Supplement)
- Check NOTAMS
- Check weather at departure, en route, and forecasted arrival (plus alternate airports in some cases)
- Flight planning including weights & balances and aircraft performance Part 121 operators and major corporate operators have Flight Dispatchers to "do the math" on the flights Pilot in command has the final say on if the flight goes or not (power of the parking break) Where is Class A airspace? - Answer Between 18,000 and 60,000 feet Requires Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Air Traffic Control separation Flight plan is required No VFR allowed What are Visual Flight Rules (VFR)? - Answer See and avoid Flight plan may not be required Lower than 18,000 feet Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) - 1000 feet ceiling and 3 miles visibility
Advantages - focused leadership and specialized attention; insulate the management and operation from political influences; serve a metropolitan community better through shared representation or equitable taxation; more business focused; on-scene decision making. Disadvantages - resources and finances may not be readily available in the quantities or levels necessary to provide support. Port Authority operates other forms of transportation or industry. What is privatization? - Answer The transfer of a typical government function to a private function. Airport Privatization Program - Answer Transfers the federal obligation, as well as the responsibility for the operation, management, and development of an airport from a public sponsor to a private sponsor. What are the responsibilities of the Airport Executive? - Answer 1. Charged with operating the airport.
- May report directly to the sponsor, a division or department head, or a municipal manager/administrator
- Must understand and balance the dichotomous philosophies of being a public entity and a business enterprise. What is airport management's primary duty? - Answer The safe, secure, and efficient operation of the airport and all of its facilities What two positions report directly to the board? - Answer Auditor and legal counsel 14 CFR Part 77, Safe, efficient use and preservation of the navigable airspace - Answer Obstructions 14 CFR Part 107, Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems - Answer UAVs 14 CFR Part 150, Airport Noise and Compatibility Planning - Answer Airport Noise 14 CFR Part 1542, Airport Security - Answer Airport Security 14 CFR Part 1544, Aircraft Operator Security - Answer Airline security regs 14 CFR Part 36, Noise Standards - Answer Plane noise How many regional offices does the FAA have? - Answer 9 What are FAA's major roles? - Answer 1. regulating civil aviation to promote safety.
- Encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new technology.
- Developing and operating an air traffic control system and navigation for both civil and military aircraft.
- Researching and developing the National Airspace System and civil aeronautics.
- Developing and carrying out programs to control aircraft noise and other environmental effects of civil aviation.
- Regulating the US commercial space transportation. What are the 4 lines of FAA business? - Answer 1. ARP: Office of Airports (Airport District Office, AIP, Part 139, and Alternative Dispute Resolution)
- ATO: Air Traffic Organization (air traffic control and NAVAIDS)
- AVS: Aviation Safety (pilot and aircraft certification, Flight Standards District Office)
- AST: Office of Commercial Space Transportation What are Advisory Circulars? - Answer Explain intent of a federal regulation Provide guidance and information on a subject Show an acceptable method of competence May be required if "incorporated by reference" What is the Transportation Research Board's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP)? - Answer Peer reviewed research on airport management topics, including safety, planning, and operations. What is the National Safe Skies Alliance Program for Applied Research in Airport Security (PARAS) - Answer Peer reviewed research on airport security topics What does the Radio Technical Commission on Aeronautics regulate? - Answer Standards for security access control systems What two documents does the TSA put out? - Answer Security Directives - "have to", provide direction to change security requirements Information Circulars - "don't have to", provide best practices and other information What are Grant Assurances? - Answer Promises the sponsor makes when it accepts federal money. Trace back to the AP-4 agreements, the Surplus Property Act, commitments in environmental documents, or litigation. Effective means for the FAA to extend federal policy to local governmental units. Balance three public interests: better manage local affairs, meet FAA requirements that money is spent for public air transportation, and they promote social objectives (eg DBE). Good for 20 years, life (if property), or life of an asset. Managed through the Airport Compliance Manual. Risk losing federal funds by being placed on the Airport Noncompliance list if the airport doesn't adhere to them.
Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) - Answer World's largest airline pilot union; focus on airline safety, security, and pilot assistance, representation, and advocacy Regional Airline Association (RAA) - Answer Represents regional airlines and supporting industries before Congress, DOT, FAA, and other federal agencies National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) - Answer Represents companies who rely on general aviation aircraft to help make their businesses more efficient, productive, and successful; 11,000 members. Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) - Answer Non-profit organization dedicated to GA pilots and aircraft owners. Notable programs are Airport Watch and Airport Support Network. National Air Transportation Association (NATA) - Answer Represents aviation businesses such as FBOs, Specialized Aviation Service Operators (SASO), and other provider Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) - Answer Represents manufacturers and suppliers of civil, military, and business aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial systems, space systems, and aircraft engines, as well as provides security detection technology at airports. National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO) - Answer Represents employees of state government aviation agencies. National Air Traffic Controllers Association (NATCA) - Answer Represents over 20,000 controllers, engineers, and other safety-related professionals at FAA, DOD, and some privately-contracted air traffic control facilities Helicpoter Association International (HAI) - Answer Provides support and advocacy to helicopter operators Airport operators must remember what two concepts? - Answer They are running a public entity that is also a business entity (that is heavily regulated by the FAA, TSA, and EPA) What are the two types of airport land? - Answer On-airport and off-airport What are the two types of on-airport land? - Answer Aeronautical and non- aeronautical. The FAA must give permission to reclassify aero land as non-aero. Grant Assurance #20, Hazard Removal and Mitigation - Answer Requires the airport to protect the airspace around the airport, including approach paths
The airport must attempt to reduce or eliminate incompatible land through what methods? - Answer 1. Airport Master Plans - integration with local zoning and community plans
- Adopt ordinances restricting incompatible land development and limit the height of structures
- Noise compatibility studies
- Educate zoning and planning entities
- Develop or allow concurrent land use (eg agriculture in RPZ) Residential development around airports - Answer 1. FAA strongly opposes
- FAA will not release land if it's for residential development
- FAA will not release land for through-the-fence agreements
- Not all residential is created equal (single family - good for safety, bad for noise; multi-family - good for noise, bad for safety) Consequences of incompatible land use - Answer May be:
- Displaced thresholds
- Increased risk of aircraft accidents
- lost instrument approaches
- airport closure Most airport conflicts are in what group? - Answer Non-aeronautical use of the airport Grant Assurance #19, Operations and Maintenance - Answer Requires the airport to be operated at all times in a SAFE and SERVICEABLE condition What are minimum standards - Answer Regulating activities on the airport; they must be applied uniformly, not be unjustly discriminatory, and reasonably protect aviation businesses from unreasonable competition. The minimum requirements an AERO business must meet to help ensure an adequate level of safe and effective service. Protects airport from unlicensed products or services. Prevents disputes between providers and complainants. Do not devalue lease Grant Assurance #22, Economic Nondiscrimination - Answer Airport must be available for public use on reasonable terms without unjust discrimination of all types, kinds, and classes of aero activities. Grant Assurance #23, Exclusive Rights - Answer Airport cannot grant an aero tenant the exclusive right to conduct a particular commercial aero service.
2 ways a community benefits from having an airport? - Answer 1. Economic benefits from new money that comes into the community via air.
- Job creation (and hence more taxable income) Grant Assurance #25, Airport Revenues - Answer Restricts the use of airport revenue generated by the airport and local taxes on aviation fuel, to be expended for capital or operating costs of the airport, local airport system, or other facilities owned or operated by the airport sponsor which directly and substantially relate to the actual air transportation of passengers or the property or noise mitigation efforts. What are 8 ways of diverting revenue? - Answer 1. General economic development for the municipality, or using fees or airport land/resources to benefit the community
- Marketing and promotional activities not related to the airport.
- Payment in Lie of Taxes (PILOTS) that exceed the value of the services
- Payments to compensate municipalities for lost tax revenues
- Loans or investments of airport money at less than the prevailing interest rate
- Use of land for free or nominal rents for aero purposes (some exceptions are allowed)
- Rent of land for non-aero purposes at less than fair market value
- The direct subsidy of air carriers (certain exceptions allowed) What are 8 allowable uses of airport revenue? - Answer 1. Capital and operating costs
- Promotional expenditures related to air travel
- Cooperative airline-airport marketing expenses
- Reimbursements to sponsors for capital or operating costs
- Support of community activities that promote or are related to the airport
- Certain mass transit projects located on airport property
- Costs incurred by governments for services to the airport (eg fire, police)
- Lobbying and attorney fees that support the airport Grant Assurance #26, Reports and Inspections - Answer Requires sponsors to annually report their budget Who must submit Form 5100-126, Financial Government Payment Report, and Form 5100 - 127, Operating and Financial Summary. - Answer Commercial service airports enplaning 2,500 or more passengers Grant Assurance #24, Fee and Rental Structure - Answer Requires the sponsor to set fees, lease rates, and other charges so that the airport is as self-sustaining as possible. Airports may NOT set rents, fees, etc based on the cost of airport property improvements or noise mitigation programs that were paid for with federal funds Self Sustainability on airports - Answer Required by the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982
To maintain the utility of federal investment in the airport, and relates to the principle that those not using aviation shouldn't have to pay for it Aeronautical rates - Answer Charges for the use of movement areas and associated costs (eg snow removal) must be at least a level to cover the cost of providing such facilities (fair and reasonable) Non-aeronautical rates - Answer Charges for non-movement area must be based on fair market value. Exceptions include property for community purposes if no longer needed by airport, non-profit (Civil Air Patrol, aviation educational programs), transit projects accessing airport, private transit systems where service is extremely limited, military (National Guard) FAA's Rates and Charges Policy - Answer Provides guidance on setting of fess to ensure they are fair, reasonable, and not unjustly discriminatory. FAA relies on the sponsor to oversee compliance, charges must attempt to make the airport as self-sustaining as possible, can only expend money on allowable purposes, charges must not discriminate against foreign carriers What are the 4 types of rate setting at airports? - Answer 1. Residual - the airline(s) cover the additional expenses of the airport
- Compensatory - sponsor assumes all liability for airport costs, and retains all revenue
- Hybrid - combo of Residual and Compensatory that can result in the airlines sharing in airport revenue
- Public subsidy - local government agency offsets the difference between the revenue and expenses by subsidizing the airport's operation What is a rate base? - Answer The total of all costs associated with providing airfield facilities and services. Reasonable methodologies may include historic cost valuation, direct negotiation with aero users, or objective determination of fair market value (appraisal). Rate setting methodology must consistently apply to similarly situated aero users, and conform with FAA policies. What can base rates include? - Answer Cost of airfield facilities, services for aero users (eg snow removal), meet certain agreements, debt service, cash reserves, environmental costs Airports can make reasonable distinctions between what 2 users? - Answer Signatory carriers and non-signatory carriers Federal procurement policies don't apply to what type of projects? - Answer Passenger Facility Charge funded projects
Construction contracts require performance and payment bonds equaling % of the contract - Answer 100% Federally funded projects exceeding must be publically advertised for at least days. - Answer $100, 30 Contracts go to whom under the sealed bid method? - Answer Lowest responsive and responsible bidder Request for Proposal (RFP) process is not limited to the lowest price, but instead considers what factors? - Answer Approach, qualifications, experience, and personnel Construction manager-at-risk proposals - Answer Contractor retained to provide advice to the airport during the design phase Design-build - Answer One entity works for a single contract to provide design and construction Task-order - Answer Permits stocks of specific items to be maintained at minimum levels, and allows direct shipments to the users Professional Services contract - Answer Typically used for program management, construction management, planning studies, feasibility studies, architectural or engineering services, surveying, and/or mapping Single source or non-competitive contract - Answer Usually only approved when the item or service is only available from one source Disadvantaged Business Enterprises (DBEs) - Answer Small businesses that have socially or economically disadvantaged individuals who own at least 51% interest, and control management and daily operations. Personal net worth can't exceed $1.32 million. States and some primary airports certify the eligibility by establishing goals for the DBE or the Airport Concessions DBE. Primary airports that accept federal funds must have an airport concessions DBE program. Airports are required to have a DBE program if they anticipate more than $250, in prime contracts using federal funds. 3 - year goal (percentage) for prime contracts.
What is a primary airport? - Answer More than 10,000 enplanements annually What are the 4 components for airport IT? - Answer Compatibility & Integration - does it all work together Security & Safety - does the old stuff continue to work until the new stuff works Scalability - can we add to, update, or upgrade later? Usability - can the users actually use it Geographical Information Systems (GIS) - Answer Links geographical information with descriptive information Presents many layers of data, model patterns, reveal relationships, and analyse trends Key component for eALPs 9 common airport IT systems - Answer 1. Airfield Lighting
- Airport Noise and Operations Monitoring System - tracks noise events and provides flight track analysis
- Automated Vehicle Identification - transponders that track commercial vehicle traffic for revenue purposes
- Passenger processing systems - kiosks, multi-user flight information display systems (arrival/departure screens)
- Business and financial management systems - business functions
- Property and asset management systems - tracks asset ownership, lease and concession management, digital asset management system
- Physical Access Control System (PACS) - allow, restrict, or track movement of people who have been issued airport credentials
- Facility and maintenance - environmental functions, heating, ventilation, electrical, water, sewer
- Airport operational database - centralized data storage such as the Flight Information Display System and baggage management systems) Malicious outsiders ("outsider hacking") account for what percentage of breaches and how long does it take to breach the system? - Answer 50 - 60% About a minute One of the most powerful weapons in a cyber attacker's arsenal - Answer Email Hacking - Answer The crime of breaking into an individual's computer to access sensitive information
