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A&P II FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE EXAM
(100 OUT OF 100) Latest 2025/ 2026 Update
|Questions and Answers | Verified Answers |
GRADED A
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular __________. a. ions b. deactivators c. second messengers d. nucleotides c. second messengers Chemical Substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ___________. a. proteins b. antibodies c. hormones d. enzymes c. hormones The master gland of the endocrine system is the_________. a. endocrine b. pituitary c. adrenal
d. thyroid b. pituitary The secretion of hormones in response to changing blood levels of ions is known as _____. a. neural stimulus b. hormonal stimulus c. humoral stimulus d. ionic stimulus c. humoral stimulus The hormone that has the greatest effect on the metabolic rate is _____________. a. growth hormone b. aldosterone c. thyroid d. cortisol c. thyroid When blood glucose levels fall, the pancreas releases ________. a. insulin b. melatonin c. glucose d. glucagon d. glucagon When parathyroid hormone is released
This type of leukocyte produces antibodies a. neutrophil b. eosinophil c. monocyte d. lymphocyte d. lymphocyte Which of the following is not a phase of erythropoiesis a. synthesis of hemoglobin b. production of vacuoles c. ejection of the erythrocyte nucleus d. production of ribosomes b. production of vacuoles Red blood cells contain ___% hemoglobin a. 50 b. 82 c. 97 d. 100 c. 97 Which of the following is not a function of blood a. controlling endocrine glands b. transporting oxygen c. distributing heat
d. producing antibodies a. controlling endocrine glands What organ in the body regulates erythropoeisis? a. brain b. kidney c. pancreas d. liver b. kidney Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis? a. vascular spasm b. fibrinolysis c. coagulation d. platelet plug formation b. fibrinolysis We have an expert-written solution to this problem! The first phase of erythrocyte production is a. hemoglobin synthesis b. ejection of the nucleus c. ribosome synthesis d. reticulocyte formation c. ribosome synthesis
c. heme d. ferritin b. bilirubin Which of the following structural characteristics contribute to the function of red blood cells a. bi-concave shape b. they contain mostly hemoglobin c. spectrin in their plasma membrane d. all of the above d. all of the above If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________. a. the AV node would become the pacemaker of the heart b. the heart rate would increase c. parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in heart rate d. the heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract b. the heart rate would increase the critical factor controlling stroke volume is a. preload b. afterload c. contractility d. sympathetic stimulation a. preload
Isovolumetric contraction ________. a. occurs only in people with heart valve defects b. occurs while the AV valves are open c. occurs immediately after the aortic and pulmonary valves close d. refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers d. refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers The most important factor in the regulation of the heart rate is a. acidosis b. autonomic nervous system stimulation c. stroke volume d. extracellular calcium levels b. autonomic nervous system stimulation Which of the following is not a difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle? a. cardiac muscle has a longer refractory period b. cardiac muscle exhibits automaticity c. cardiac muscle has striations d. cardiac muscle has gap junctions c. cardiac muscle has striations Cardiac muscle cells use _____ ions for the plateau phase of the action potential. a. calcium b. potassium
Fluids would be likely to leave or filter out of the capillary if: a. osmotic pressure in the capillary is high b. net hydrostatic pressure is greater than net osmotic pressure c. net hydrostatic pressure is less than net osmotic pressure d. net filtration pressure is negative b. net hydrostatic pressure is greater than net osmotic pressure The resistance that has the most effect on blood pressure is from a. length of blood vessels b. diameter of blood vessels c. viscosity of blood d. none of these b. diameter of blood vessels Blood flow through the tissues is responsible for a. urine formation b. removal of wastes from tissue cells c. gas exchange in the lungs d. all of these d. all of these Which type of blood vessel has the most elastic tissue? a. arteries b. veins c. capillaries
d. venules a. arteries True/False: Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular metabolic rate and will not allow antigen-antibody reactions to occur. False The two intrinsic defense systems have many components. Which of the following cell types is not a contributor to specific immunity a. natural killer cells b. plasma cells c. t-cells d. b-cells a. natural killer cells Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation? a. redness b. fever c. swelling d. pain b. fever Most pathogens that try to enter your body a. are stopped by surface barriers b. are killed by the humoral immune response c. cause inflammation
a. interleukins b. antibodies c. haptens d. antigens d. antigens Which of the following are functions of the larynx? a. speech production b. airway c. switching mechanism d. all of these d. all of these When T-cells mature, negative selection: a. eliminates cells that are strongly anti-self b. eliminates cells that are self-tolerant c. eliminates cells that should have stayed in bone marrow d. eliminates cells that secrete antibodies a. eliminates cells that are strongly anti-self The only T-cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are__________. a. regulatory cells b. cytotoxic cells c. plasma cells d. helper cells b. cytotoxic cells
The cell-mediated immune response is important because antibodies: a. cannot recognize cells infected with viruses b. cannot recognize viruses c. are produced very slowly d. only work once a. cannot recognize cells infected with viruses Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response? a. a secondary immune response produces fewer antibodies than a primary immune response b. a secondary immune response is started by naive lymphocytes while a primary immune response is started by memory cells c. a secondary immune response does not last as long as a primary immune response d. a secondary immune response is faster than a primary immune response d. a secondary immune response is faster than a primary immune response During normal inspiration a. intrapolmonary volume increases b. the diaphram is relaxed c. intrapolmonary pressure increases d. intrapolmonary volume decreases a. intrapolmonary volume increases Which of the following is not a characteristic of the inflammatory response? a. prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by a. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid b. humidifying the air before it enters c. warming the air before it enters d. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations a. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid Which of the following are true about natural killer cells? a. all of these b. they are nonspecific c. they enhance the inflammatory response d. they release perforins a. all of these What percent of carbon dioxide is carried by hemoglobin in the blood? a. 20 b. 10 c. 97 d. 70 a. 20 We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Air moves into the lungs because:
a. the gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower that the outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts b. the volume of the lungs decreases with inspiration c. contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity d. the internal intercostal muscles decrease the thoracic cavity volume a. the gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower that the outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? a. booster shot b. infusion of weakened viruses c. passage of antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus d. long-term immune protection c. passage of antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Which of the following would increase hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen? a. decreased temperature b. increased temperature c. increased BPG concentration d. decreased pH a. decreased temperature When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling it is an indication that: a. antigens are present b. fever is developing
the PO2 of blood in lung capillaries reaches equilibrium with the PO2 of the alveoli rapidly because a. the capillary walls are less than 1 micrometer thick b. there is a steep pressure gradient c. blood velocity is lower in capillaries d. all of these d. all of these The total surface area of the respiratory membrane is a. less than the skin b. about the same as the skin c. twice as big as the skin d. 40 times larger than the skin d. 40 times larger than the skin Functions of the spleen include all of those below except ___________. a. storage of blood platelets. b. crypts that trap bacteria c. storage of iron d. removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood b. crypts that trap bacteria We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Select the correct statement about lymph transport. a. under normal conditions, lymph vessels are very high-pressure conduits b. lymph transport is only necessary when illness causes tissue swelling
c. lymph transport is faster than that occurring in veins d. lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles d. lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Select the correct statement about lymphocytes a. B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood b. the two main types are Tcells and macrophages c. T cells are the precursors of B cells d. T cells are the only form of lymphocyte found in lymphoid tissue a. B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue a. T lymphocytes act by ingesting foreign substances b. once a lymphocyte enters the lymphoid tissue, it resides there permanently c. lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue d. lymphoid macrophages secrete antibodies into the blood c. lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Function of the lymphatic system include _____. a. transport of excess tissue fluid to the blood vascular system b. transport of red blood cells to the blood vascular system c. excretion of excess dietary fat d. maintenance of blood pressure in the venous circulation
