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Abative Effect ✔✔a decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation. Ex: Food ingestion abates (decreases the current frequency of) behavior that has been reinforced by food. Abolishing Operation ✔✔A motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event. Ex: the reinforcing effectiveness of food is abolished as a result of food ingestion. Adjunctive Behavior / Schedule-Induced Behavior ✔✔Behavior that occurs as a collateral effect of a schedule of periodic reinforcement for other behavior: time filling or interim activities (doodling, idle talking, smoking, drinking) that are induced by schedules of reinforcement during times when reinforcement is unlikely to be delivered. Antecedent ✔✔Environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior of interest.
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Antecedent Intervention ✔✔A behavior change strategy that manipulates contingency independent antecedent stimuli (motivating operations) Applied Behavior Analysis ✔✔The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement of behavior. Arbitrary Stimulus Class ✔✔Antecedent stimuli that evoke the same response but do not resemble each other in physical form or share a relational aspect such as bigger or under (ex: peanuts, cheese, coconut milk are members of the same arbitrary stimulus class if the evoke the response "sources of protein".) Artifact ✔✔An outcome or result that appears to exist because of the way it is measured but in fact does not correspond to what actually occurred. Autoclitic ✔✔a secondary verbal operant in which some aspect of a speakers own verbal behavior functions as an Sd or MO for additional speaker verbal behavior. The autoclitic relation can be thought of as verbal behavior about verbal behavior.
Back up reinforcers ✔✔...Tangible objects, activiites or privledges that serve as reinforcers and that can be purchased with tokens Baseline ✔✔condition of an experiment in which the independent variable is not present Behavior ✔✔...activity of living organisms. A portion of a humans interaction with their environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space though time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment. Behavior Altering Effect ✔✔...an alteration in the current frequency of a behavior that has been reinforced by a stimulus that has been altered in effectiveness by the same motivating operation Behavioral Contrast ✔✔... a phenomenon in which change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule Behavioral Cusp ✔✔...a behavior that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the idiosyncratic change itself because it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus controls.
Behavioral Momentum ✔✔A metaphor to describe a rate of responding and its resistance to change following an alteration in reinforcement conditions. Behaviorism ✔✔The philosophy of a science of behavior there are various forms of behaviorism. Component Analysis ✔✔...an experiment designed to identify the active elements of a treatment condition, the relative contributions of different variables in a treatment package, and/or the necessary and sufficient components of an intervention. .... compares levels of responding across successive phases in which the intervention is implemented with one or more components left out Concurrent Schedule ✔✔ ...a schedule of reinforcement in which two or more contingencies of reinforcement (elements) operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors Conditional Probability ✔✔The likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a given circumstance, computed by calculating the a)the proportion of occurrences of a behavior that were preceded by a specific antecedent variable and b) the proportion of occurrences of problem behavior that were followed by a specific consequence. The closer the conditional probability to
Confounding Variable ✔✔an uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the dependent variable. Consequence ✔✔...is a stimulus change that follows a behavior it can be Reinforcing, Punishing, or Neutral Contingency ✔✔Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables Contingency Contract ✔✔A mutually agreed upon document between parties (e.g., parent and child) that specifies a contingent relationship between the completion of specified behavior(s) and access to specified reinforcer(s). Contingency Reversal ✔✔Exchanging the reinforcement contingencies for two topographically different responses. Contingent Observation ✔✔A procedure for implementing time-out in which the person is repositioned within an existing setting such that observation of ongoing activities remains, but access to reinforcement is lost.
COntinuous Measurement ✔✔Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response classes of interest are detected during the observation period. Continuous Reinforcement (CRF) ✔✔...schedule of reinforcement that provides a reinforcer for each occurrence of a target behavior. Contrived Contingency ✔✔Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) designed and implemented by a behavior analyst or practitioner to achieve the acquisition, maintenance, and/or generalization of a targeted behavior change. Cumulative Record ✔✔...A type of graph on which the cumulative number of responses emitted is represented on the vertical axis; the steeper the slope of the data path, the greater the response rate. Dependent Variable ✔✔...The variable in an experiment measured to determine if it changes as a result of manipulations of the independent variable (represents some measure of socially significant behavior).
DRH ✔✔...is the reinforcement of responses lower than a predetermined criterion. DRI ✔✔...A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that is topographically incompatible witht he beahviro targeted for reduction and witheld following instances ofthe problem behavior. DRL ✔✔...is the reinforcement of responses higher than a predetermined criterion. DRO ✔✔...A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior Discriminative Stimulus ✔✔...A stimulus in the presence of whic hresponses of some type have been reinforced in the absence of which the same type of responses have occureed and not been reinforced Duration ✔✔...A measure of the total extent of time in which a behaivor occurs.
Echoic ✔✔...an elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a verbaldiscriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the response. Empiricism ✔✔...The objective observation of the phenomena of interest, objective observations are "independent of the individual prejudices, tastes, and private opinions of the scientist. ...Results of empirical methods are objective in that they are open to anyone's observation and do not depend on the subjective belief of the individual scientist. Environment ✔✔ .. The conglomorete of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists; behavior cannot occur in its absence. Escape Contingency ✔✔... A contingency in whic a response terminates (produces escape from) an ongoing stimulus. Escape Extinction ✔✔ .. Behaviors maintained with negative reinforcement are placed on escape extinction when those behaivors are not followed by termination of the aversive stimulus; emitting the target behavior does not enable to person to escape the aversive situation.
Experimental Control ✔✔...Outcome of an experiment that demonstrates convincingly a functional relation , extent to which a researcher maintains precise control of the independent variable by presenting it, withdrawing it, and/or varying its value, and also by eliminating or holding constant all confounding and extraneous variables. Explanatory Fiction ✔✔...fictitious or hypothetical variable that often takes the form of another name for the observed phenomenon it claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of the phenomenon. External Validity ✔✔...The degree to which a study's findings have generality to other subjects, settngs, and/or behaviors. Extinction ✔✔...occurs when reinforcement is withheld following a previously reinforced response. Extinction Burst ✔✔...An increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented. Fading ✔✔...A procedure for transferring stimulus control in which features of an antecedednt stimulus (shape, size, position, color) controlling a behavior are gradually changed to a new
stimulus while maintaining the current behaivor; stimulus features can be faded in (enhance) or faded out (reduced). Fixed Interval (FI) ✔✔...A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered for the first response emitted following the passage of a fixed duration of time since the last response was reinforced. Fixed Ratio (FR) ✔✔...A schedule of reinforcement requiring a fixed number of responses for reinforcement Fixed-Time (FT) ✔✔...A schedule for the delivery of non-contingent stimuli in which a time interval remains the same from one delivery to the next. Forward Chaining ✔✔...A method for teaching behavior chains that begins with the learner being prompted and taught to perform the first behavior in the task analysis; the trainer completes the remaining steps in the chain. When the learner shows competence in performing the first step in the chain, he is then taught to perform the first two behaivors in the chain
Functional Communication Training ✔✔...An antecedent intervention in which an appropriate communicative behaivor is taught as a replacement behavior for problem behaivor usually evoked by an establishing operation ; involves differential reinforcement of alternative behavior. Functional Relation ✔✔...A verbal statement summarizing the results of an experiment (or group of related experiments) that describes the occurance of the phenomena under study as a function of the operation of one or more specified variables in the experiment in which a specific change in one event (dependent variable) can be produced by manipulating another event (independent variable) and that change in the dependent variable was unlikely the result of other factors (confounding variables). Functionally Equivalent ✔✔...Serving the same function or purpose; different topographies of behavior are functionally equivalent if they produce the same consequences. Generalization ✔✔...A generic term for a variety of behaivoral proceses and behavior change outcomes Group Contingency ✔✔...A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behacior of (a) a person within the group, (b) each member of the group meeting a performance criterion.
Habit Reversal ✔✔...A multiple-component treatment package for reducing unwanted habits such as fingernail biting and muscle tics; treatment typically includes self awareness training involving response detectionand procedures for identifying events that precede and trigger the response; competing response training; and motivation techniques including self-administered consequences, social support systems, and procedures for promoting the generalization and maintenance of treatment gains. Habituation ✔✔...A decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of a stimulus; most often used to describe a reduction of respondent behavior as a function of repeated presentation of the eliciting stimulus over a short span of time. High-probability request sequence ✔✔...An antecedent intervention in which two to five easy tasks with a known history of learner compliance(the high p requests) are presented in quick succession immediately before requesting the target task, the low-p request Higher-Order Conditioning ✔✔...Development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus (NS) with a conditioned stimulus (CS).
Indirect Measure ✔✔...Occurs when the behaivor that is measured is in some way different from the behavior of interest; considred less valid than direct measurement because inferences about th erelation between the data obtained and the actual behavior of interest are required. Indiscriminable Contingency ✔✔..A contingency that makes it difficult for the learner ot discriminate whether the next response will produce reinforcement. used to promote generalized behavior change (intermittent schedules and delayed rewards used). Intermittent Schedule of Reinforcement (INT) ✔✔...A contingencyin which reinforcement in which some but not all occurances of the behavior produce reinforcement. Internal Validity ✔✔...The extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the independnet variable and not hte result of uncontrolled or unknown variables. Interobserver Agreement (IOA) ✔✔...The degree to which two or more indpendent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events. Interresponse Time ✔✔...A measure of temporal locus; defined as the elapsed time between two successive responses.
Intraverbal ✔✔...An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus and that does not have point-to-point correspondence with that veral stimulus. Lag Reinforcfement Schedule ✔✔...A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is contingenet on a response being different in some specified way (differnt topography) from the previous response (lag 1) or a specified number of previous responses (lag 2 or more). Level ✔✔...The value on the vertical axis around which a series of behavioral measures converge. Level System ✔✔...A componenet of some token economy systems in which participants advance up (or down) through a succession of levels contingent on hteir behavior at the current level. The performance criteria and sophistication or difficulty of the behaviors required at each level are higher than those of preceding levels; as participants advance to higher levels, they gain access to more desireable reinforcers, increased privileges, and greater independence. Limited Hold ✔✔...is a technique for increasing the rate of responding under an interval schedule. It involves restricting the amount of time the reinforcer is available after the required time has elapsed.
