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active transport ✔✔movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
passive transport ✔✔Requires NO energy, movement of molecules from high to low concentration, moves with the concentration gradient
covalent bond ✔✔A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
ionic bond ✔✔Linkage formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. Such a bond forms when the valence (outermost) electrons of one atom are transferred permanently to another atom.
allosteric bond ✔✔The regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site.
Substrate ✔✔reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
substrate-enzyme complex ✔✔The substrate connects to the enzyme to perform chemical reactions. It connects to the enzyme at the active site.
substrate enzyme inhibition ✔✔the substrate or product of an enzyme reaction inhibit the enzyme's activity.
Carbohydrates ✔✔Are sugar molecules- our body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and organs.
Proteins ✔✔Chains of amino acids
Lipids ✔✔Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
nucleic acids ✔✔Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells. The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Lysosomes ✔✔An organelle containing digestive enzymes
Vacuole ✔✔Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Mitochondria ✔✔Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Ribosomes ✔✔a cellular particle made of RNA and protein that serves as the site for protein synthesis in the cell.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ✔✔An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ✔✔System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm
Golgi apparatus ✔✔stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
Exocytosis ✔✔a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
