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A concise overview of essential biological concepts, definitions, and terms relevant to the algonquin college hpat (health professions aptitude test). It covers key topics such as cell structure, transport mechanisms, biomolecules, and basic biochemical processes. Designed to serve as a quick reference guide for students preparing for the hpat, offering a foundation in fundamental biological principles.
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active transport ✔✔movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
passive transport ✔✔Requires NO energy, movement of molecules from high to low concentration, moves with the concentration gradient
covalent bond ✔✔A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
ionic bond ✔✔Linkage formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. Such a bond forms when the valence (outermost) electrons of one atom are transferred permanently to another atom.
allosteric bond ✔✔The regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site.
Substrate ✔✔reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
substrate-enzyme complex ✔✔The substrate connects to the enzyme to perform chemical reactions. It connects to the enzyme at the active site.
substrate enzyme inhibition ✔✔the substrate or product of an enzyme reaction inhibit the enzyme's activity.
Carbohydrates ✔✔Are sugar molecules- our body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and organs.
Proteins ✔✔Chains of amino acids
Lipids ✔✔Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
nucleic acids ✔✔Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells. The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Lysosomes ✔✔An organelle containing digestive enzymes
Vacuole ✔✔Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Mitochondria ✔✔Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Ribosomes ✔✔a cellular particle made of RNA and protein that serves as the site for protein synthesis in the cell.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ✔✔An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ✔✔System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm
Golgi apparatus ✔✔stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
Exocytosis ✔✔a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.