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What is photosynthesis? - ANSWER The process where light energy is caught by thechloroplasts of plants and converted into chemical energy.
What is the ploem? - ANSWER A vascular tissue that transports sugars from leavesthroughout the rest of the plant.
What is the xylem? - ANSWER A vascular tissue that transports water and dissolvedmineral nutrients from the roots to other parts of the plant.
What is a gymnosperm? - ANSWER A plant that produces unprotected seeds. What is an angiosperm? - ANSWER A type of flowering plant. The sticky tip of the carpel of a flower, which receives the pollen, is called the: -ANSWER Stigma
The major sites of photosynthesis in most plants are the: - ANSWER Leaves Name the 6 kingdoms of living entities. - ANSWER 1. Archaebacteria2. Eubacteria
- Protista4. Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia.
The majority of primary producers in an ecosystem are: - ANSWER Autotrophs
- The aorta is indicated by number: - ANSWER
- pulmonary artery - ANSWER
- Inferior Vena Cava - ANSWER
- pulmonary valve is indicated by number: - ANSWER
- Tricuspid Valve - ANSWER
- The superior vena cava is indicated by number: - ANSWER
- Aorta - ANSWER
- The right atrium is indicated by number: - ANSWER
- Right ventricle - ANSWER
- Left atrium - ANSWER
- Pulmonary vein - ANSWER
- Bicuspid/Mitral Valve - ANSWER
Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart? - ANSWER The pulmonaryartery.
Where does the right ventricle pump blood to? - ANSWER The lungs What is it called when plaque builds up in the arteries? - ANSWER Artheriosclerosis. What is plasma? - ANSWER The liquid component of blood. What does the pulmonary vein supply the heart with? - ANSWER Oxigenated blood fromthe lungs.
Which of the blood component is essential to blood clotting? - ANSWER The platelets. What is the shape of red blood cells? - ANSWER Biconcave disks. Into which chamber of the heart does vena cava drain? - ANSWER The right atrium The plasma membrane forms the outer boundary of: - ANSWER The cell. The cell membrane consists mostly of a double layer of: - ANSWER Phospholipids. Name the organelle that contains digestive enzymes and breaks down other worn-outorganelles, food particles, engulfed viruses, and bacteria. - ANSWER Lysosomes.
What is the cell's repository for chromosomes? ANSWER The nucleus. Which organelle is specifically important in the synthesis, folding, modification andtransport of proteins made within the cell? ANSWER The endoplasmic reticulum.
Which one of the following has ribosomes attached to its surface? ANSWER Roughendoplasmic reticulum.
After transport and processing of proteins and lipids, Golgi apparatus packages theminto : - ANSWER Vesicles.
Which organelle is an assembly line where proteins are built from RNA? - ANSWERRibosomes.
Which organelle produces energy for a cell? - ANSWER Mitochondria Which one of the following can be described as the organelle 'a water-filledcompartment containing inorganic and organic-molecules'? - ANSWER Vacuole.
Carbon dioxide and oxygen move across the plasma membrane by the process of: -ANSWER Diffusion.
What is the term for the process in which the membrane of a vesicle fuses with theplasma membrane and releases its contents from the cell? - ANSWER Exocytosis.
Genetic information is taken out of the nucleus and carried to the sites of proteinsynthesis in the cytoplasm by: - ANSWER mRNA
Where in the cell is the site of ribosome synthesis and assembly? - ANSWER Thenucleolus.
Where in the cell does DNA replication occur? - ANSWER Nucleus. Lysosomes contain more than 60 known types of enzymes. Where are they synthesized?- ANSWER The rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which enzyme degrades proteins? - ANSWER Pepsin Where in the gastrointestinal tract does pancreatic juice drain into? - ANSWER Thesmall intestine.
Which group of compounds does lipase degrade? - ANSWER Fats. Where does protein degradation take place? - ANSWER Within the stomach. What is the oesophagus made of? - ANSWER Smooth cartilidge. What gas is a waste product of respiration? - ANSWER Carbon dioxide. How is waste carbon dioxide expelled from the body? - ANSWER Through expiration. Which substance is another by-product of cellular respiration? - ANSWER Water. What is the correct order of branching into the lungs? - ANSWER Trachea, bronchi,bronchioles.
What is the primary purpose of respiration? - ANSWER To maintain life. What are cilia? - ANS Hair-like projections on cell surfaces. What are alveoli? - ANS Air sacs in the lungs. What substance accumulates in muscle during anaerobic exercise? - ANS Lactic acid.
Which of the following is a substrate for cellular respiration? - ANS Glucose. What is the most abundant atmospheric gas? - ANS Nitrogen. What gas is essential to all the body's cells? - ANS Oxygen. Contraction of the diaphragm causes which action to take place? - ANSWER Inspiration. Which compound in the blood carries oxygen around the body? - ANSWERHaemoglobin.
Which structures ensures that the trachea is kept open? - ANSWER Cartilaginous rings. What is the function of the cilia in the trachea? - ANSWER To waft foreign particles upthe windpipe.
What causes hiccups? - ANSWER Spasms in the diaphragm. What is the function of the mucus in the trachea? - ANSWER To trap foreign particles. Why is the trachea composed of incomplete rings of cartilage? - ANSWER To allow foodto go down the oesophagus.
What is the function of the epiglottis? - ANSWER To stop food going down the trachea. After full inspiration, the 'forced vital capacity' is the measurement of? - ANSWER Thevolume of air blown out forcibly.
What happens to the pressure in the lungs during expiration? - ANSWER It rises.
An atom has an atomic number of 58 and an atomic mass of 118. How many neutronsdoes it contain? - ANSWER 60
The mass of an atom is almost wholly contributed by its: - ANSWER Nucleus If an atom contains 9 protons and 10 neutrons, it's number of electrons is: - ANSWER 9 What is a valance shell? - ANSWER The last energy level in which loosely held electronsare contained. These are the electrons that engage into bonding and are therefore characteristic of the elements. What is an energy level? - ANSWER The volume of space where certain electrons ofspecific energy are restricted to move around the nucleus.
What is an anion? - ANSWER A negatively charged ion. It is the result of a gainedelectron. Most anions are non-mettalic.
What is a cation? - ANSWER A positively charged ion. It is the result of a lossed electron.Most cations are metallic.
What is an ionic compound? - ANSWER A compound formed by combining an anion anda cation.
What is an ionic bond? - ANSWER The attractive electrostatic forces between a cationand an anion.
What is a covalent bond? - ANSWER A type of bond formed when two atoms share oneor more pairs of electrons to acheive an octet of electrons.
What is electronegativity? - ANSWER The ability of an atom in a bond to attract the
electron density more than the other atom(s) in the bond. What is a dipole? - ANSWER The result of a covalent bond between two atoms ofdifferent electronegativities.
What is a hydrogen bond? - ANSWER A weak bonf that forms between dipoles ofconsecutive polar molecules or polar groups of macromolecules, such as proteins and DNA. The bond between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule is: - ANSWER Apolar covalent bond.
The type of bond formed between two molecules of water is: - ANSWER A hydrogenbond.
To obtain an outer octet, an atom of element 19 must: - ANSWER Lose an electron (andassume a charge of +1).
The most common ions of the elements of group 2 are electrically charged as: -ANSWER -1.
Organic Chemistry is the study of compounds containing: - ANSWER Carbon. Alkynes must contain: - ANSWER One triple bond. Carbohydrates are compounds containing: - ANSWER Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. What variety of alcohol can be oxidized to form a Ketone? - ANSWER 2-butanol. Name the compound Cu2O by the old system. (2 is a subscript) - ANSWER Cuprous
Since 12-C's molar mass is 12 grams, 48 grams of 12-C atoms would be equal to ____moles. - ANSWER 4.
The International Committee for Weights and Measures (ICWM) defines one mole as thenumber of atoms in exactly: - ANSWER 12g of Carbon-12.
Molar mass is a numerical value that represents ______. - ANSWER The mass of asubstance divided by the amount of that substance.
True or False: The molar mass and atomic weight of an element are always equal. -ANSWER False.
One mole of boron weighs: - ANSWER 10.81 g. How much does one mole of water weigh? - ANSWER 18.02 g. A quantity of substance that has a mass in grams equal to the sum of the atomic massesis called a(n): - ANSWER Mole.
The mass in grams of one mole of oxygen gas is: - ANSWER 32 g. 3.42 moles of CaO is equivalent to: - ANSWER 192 g CaO. Most of the specific functions of the cell membrane are regulated by: - ANSWERProteins
Alcoholic Fermentation is a type of: - ANSWER Anaerobic Respiration Phagocytosis is a type of: - ANSWER Endocytosis
What is a pyruvate? - ANSWER Pyruvate is a significant chemical involved inbiochemical processes. It is the end product of the breakdown process of glucose, which is generally referred to as glycolysis. In the process, one molecule of glucose isbroken down into two molecules of pyruvate in order to provide further energy, which it does in one of two ways. What are the small spherical bodies within a cell where proteins are assembledaccording to genetic instructions? - ANSWER Ribosomes
What is the structural and functional unit of life? - ANSWER The cell What is a prokaryotic cell? - ANSWER A cell that lacks a true nucleus andmembrane-bound organelles
What is a eukaryotic cell? - ANSWER A cell that contains a nucleus andmembrane-bound organelles
Cellular Respiration What is cellular respiration? - ANSWER A catabolic pathway for theproduction of ATP, in which sometimes oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with an organic fuel. At times, the process proceeds without oxygen, but this is less efficient. Anaerobic Respiration What is anaerobic respiration? - ANSWER A form of cellularrespiration that does not involve oxygen.
What is aerobic respiration? - ANSWER Type of cellular respiration that utilizes oxygento convert food into energy.
Name the four kinds of transport that allow the small molecules to cross the cellmembrane: - ANSWER Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport, and Passive Transport.
Prokaryotes tend to reproduce by: - ANSWER Binary Fission
What is transcription? - ANSWER Transcription is the process by which the informationin a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). This complex initiates transcription, and the RNA polymerase begins mRNA synthesis bymatching complementary bases to the original DNA strand.
What is translation? - ANSWER Translation is the process by which a protein issynthesized from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation occurs in a structure called the ribosome, which is a factory for thesynthesis of proteins
What are endocytosis and exocytosis? - ANSWER Endocytosis refers to the process bywhich a cell membrane engulfs a substance or particle from outside the cell, internalizing it within a membrane-bound vesicle. Exocytosis is the fusion of vesicleswith the plasma membrane and discharge of their contents to the exterior of the cell.
What is a chromotid? - ANSWER each of the two threadlike strands into which achromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA. What is an allele? - ANSWER An alternative version of a gene; one from each parent. What is a phenotype? - ANSWER An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. What is a genotype? - ANSWER An organism's genetic makeup. When a red snapdragon is crossed with a white one, all the F1 hybrids have pinkflowers. This is an example of: - ANSWER Incomplete dominance
Traits that are alternatives to the wild type (for example, white eyes in a fruit fly asopposed to the usual red) are called: - ANSWER Mutant phenotypes
Lethal recessive mutations are perpetuated by the reproduction of carriers with normal:- ANSWER Phenotypes
What is the purpose of the circulatory system? - ANSWER To distrubute blood andassociated chemicals through the body.
What is the purpose of the respiratory system? - ANSWER To take in oxygen andeliminate carbon dioxide.
What is the purpose of the digestive system? - ANSWER To break down food for energy,reabsorb water and nutrients, and eliminate waste.
What is a virus? - ANSWER A virus is a parasite capable of producing only within a livinghost cell.
What are the two cycles of viral reproduction? - ANSWER The Lytic Cycle and LysogenicCycle.
What is the lytic cycle? - ANSWER The reprodyuctive cycle of viruses that end in thedeath of the host.
What is the lysogenic cycle? - ANSWER The reproductive cycle of a virus, living with thehost rather than killing it.
What are the three types of symbiotic relationships? - ANSWER Mutualism,Commensalism, and Parasitism
The destruction of bacteria by a lytic agent is called: - ANSWER A bacteriophagia.
