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AC HPAT Prep (Biology, Chemistry, Physics,
Math) Questions and Correct Answers
Most of the cell membrane's specific functions are controlled by:
✓ ~~~ Proteins
Alcoholic Fermentation is a form of:
✓ ~~~ Anaerobic Respiration
Phagocytosis is a form of:
✓ ~~~ Endocytosis
What is a pyruvate?
✓ ~~~ Pyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways.
What are the small spherical bodies within a cell where proteins are assembled
according to genetic instructions?
✓ ~~~ Ribosomes
What is the structural and functional unit of life?
✓ ~~~ The cell
What is a prokaryotic cell?
✓ ~~~ A cell that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
What is a eukaryotic cell?
✓ ~~~ A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
What is cellular respiration?
✓ ~~~ A catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which sometimes oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with an organic fuel. At times, the process proceeds without oxygen, but this is less efficient.
What is anaerobic respiration?
✓ ~~~ A form of cellular respiration that does not involve oxygen.
What is aerobic respiration?
✓ ~~~ Form of cellular respiration which requires oxygen to generate energy.
Name the four types of transport that allow small molecules to move across the cell
membrane:
✓ ~~~ Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport, and Passive Transport.
Prokaryotes often reproduce by:
✓ ~~~ Binary Fission
What is binary fission?
✓ ~~~ A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. It makes up the genetic material of most living organisms and plays a role in determining heredity.
What is RNA?
✓ ~~~ A single-stranded nucleic acid molecule involved in protein synthesis. It is responsible for carrying the genetic code transcribed for DNA to specialized sites within the cell where the information is translated into protein composition.
What is a nucleotide?
✓ ~~~ A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids. RNA and DNA are polymers made of long chains of nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.
What is transcription?
✓ ~~~ Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). ... This complex initiates transcription, and the RNA polymerase begins mRNA synthesis by matching complementary bases to the original DNA strand.
What is translation?
✓ ~~~ Translation is the process by which a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation occurs in a structure called the ribosome, which is a factory for the synthesis of proteins
What is endocytosis and exocytosis?
✓ ~~~ Endocytosis is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane, and bringing it into the cell. Exocytosis describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell
What is a chromotid?
✓ ~~~ each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.
What is an allele?
✓ ~~~ An alternative version of a gene; one from each parent.
What is a phenotype?
✓ ~~~ An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
What is a genotype?
✓ ~~~ An organism's genetic makeup.
When a red snapdragon is crossed with a white one, all the F1 hybrids have pink
flowers. This is an example of:
✓ ~~~ Incomplete dominance
Traits that are alternatives to the wild type (for example, white eyes in a fruit fly as
opposed to the usual red) are called:
✓ ~~~ Mutant phenotypes
Lethal recessive mutations are perpetuated by the reproduction of carriers with
normal:
What are the three categories of symbiotic relationships?
✓ ~~~ Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism
Destruction of bacteria by a lytic agent is called:
✓ ~~~ A bacteriophagia.
What is photosynthesis?
✓ ~~~ The process by which light energy, captured by the chloroplasts of plants, is converted to chemical energy.
What is the ploem?
✓ ~~~ A vascular tissue that transports sugars from leaves throughout the rest of the plant.
What is the xylem?
✓ ~~~ A vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved mineral nutrients from the roots to other parts of the plant.
What is a gymnosperm?
✓ ~~~ A plant that produces unprotected seeds.
What is an angiosperm?
✓ ~~~ A type of flowering plant.
The sticky tip of the carpel of a flower, which receives the pollen, is called the:
✓ ~~~ Stigma
The major sites of photosynthesis in most plants are the:
✓ ~~~ Leaves
Name the 6 kingdoms of living entities.
✓ ~~~ 1. Archaebacteria
2. Eubacteria
3. Protista
4. Fungi
5. Plantae
6. Animalia.
The majority of primary producers in an ecosystem are:
✓ ~~~ Autotrophs
The aorta is indicated by number:
pulmonary artery
Inferior Vena Cava
Bicuspid/Mitral Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
How many chambers does the human heart have?
✓ ~~~ Four
Which blood vessel provides oxygenated blood?
✓ ~~~ The aorta.
Which type of vessel contains valves?
✓ ~~~ Veins
What is the function of a valve in a vein?
✓ ~~~ To prevent reverse bloodflow
Which vessels supply the heart with blood?
✓ ~~~ The coronary arteries
Which type of cell carries oxygen around the body?
✓ ~~~ Red blood cells.
What is the function of white blood cells?
✓ ~~~ To act as part of the immune system
Which type of vessel needs to withstand high blood pressure?
✓ ~~~ An artery.
What does the pulse represent?
✓ ~~~ The heartbeat.
A blood clot in the brain can cause which event?
✓ ~~~ A stroke.
Why is blood clotting essential?
✓ ~~~ To reduce blood loss.
Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart?
✓ ~~~ The pulmonary artery.
Where does the right ventricle pump blood to?
✓ ~~~ Phospholipids.
Which organelle digests other, worn-out organelles, as well as food particles and
engulfed viruses and bacteria?
✓ ~~~ Lysosomes.
Where are the cell's chromosomes stored?
✓ ~~~ The nucleus.
Which organelle is particularly important for the synthesis, folding, modification, and
transport of proteins within the cell?
✓ ~~~ The endoplasmic reticulum.
Which of the following has ribosomes attached to its surface?
✓ ~~~ The rough endoplasmic reticulum.
After transporting and modifying proteins and lipids, the Golgi apparatus packages
them into:
✓ ~~~ Vesicles.
Which organelle acts as an assembly line where proteins are synthesised from
RNA?
✓ ~~~ Ribosomes.
Which organelle generates energy for the cell?
✓ ~~~ Mitochondria.
Which of the following organelles could be described as 'a compartment filled with
water containing inorganic and organic molecules'?
✓ ~~~ Vacuole.
Carbon dioxide and oxygen move across the plasma membrane by the process of:
✓ ~~~ Diffusion.
What is the name for the process whereby the membrane of a vesicle fuses with the
plasma membrane, allowing it's contents to be released from the cell?
✓ ~~~ Exocytosis.
Genetic information is carried out of the nucleus and to the sites of protein synthesis
in the cytoplasm by:
✓ ~~~ mRNA
The site of ribosome synthesis and assembly within the cell is:
✓ ~~~ The nucleolus.
DNA replication takes place in the:
✓ ~~~ Nucleus.
Which type of organelle is used within the cell to ingest extracellular fluid and and
molecules?
✓ ~~~ Pinocytosis Vesicles.
Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which breaks down which compound?
✓ ~~~ Starch.
The gallbladder releases which substance?
✓ ~~~ Bile
At what pH range is gastric acid maintained?
What is the name of the muscular process for moving food down the oesophagus?
✓ ~~~ Peristalsis.
Where does the absorption of water occur?
✓ ~~~ In the large intestine.
Proteins are degraded by which enzyme?
✓ ~~~ Pepsin
Where in the gastrointestinal tract does pancreatic juice drain into?
✓ ~~~ The small intestine.
Lipase degrades which group of compounds?
✓ ~~~ Fats.
Where does protein degradation take place?
✓ ~~~ In the stomach.
What is the oesophagus made of?
✓ ~~~ Smooth cartilidge.
What gas is a waste product of respiration?
✓ ~~~ Carbon dioxide.
How is waste carbon dioxide expelled from the body?
✓ ~~~ Through expiration.
Which substance is another by-product of cellular respiration?
✓ ~~~ Water.
What is the correct branching order into the lungs?
✓ ~~~ Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles.
What is the main purpose of respiration?
✓ ~~~ Haemoglobin.
Which structures ensures that the trachea is kept open?
✓ ~~~ Cartilaginous rings.
What is the function of the cilia in the trachea?
✓ ~~~ To waft foreign particles up the windpipe.
What causes hiccups?
✓ ~~~ Spasms in the diaphragm.
What function does the mucus in the trachea serve?
✓ ~~~ To trap foreign particles.
Why is the trachea made of incomplete rings of cartilage?
✓ ~~~ To allow food to go down the oesophagus.
What is the function of the epiglottis?
✓ ~~~ To prevent food from going down the trachea.
After full inspiration, the 'forced vital capacity' is a measure of?
✓ ~~~ The volume of air forcibly blown out.
What does the pressure in the lungs do during expiration?
✓ ~~~ It increases.
What causes an oxygen debt in the body?
✓ ~~~ Anaerobic exercise.
What is an atom?
✓ ~~~ An atom is the basic unit of an element. It is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons moving around it.
What is an electron?
✓ ~~~ A negatively charged subatomic particle.
What is a proton?
✓ ~~~ a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign.
The number of protons in an atom indicates:
✓ ~~~ The atomic number.
What is the mass number?
✓ ~~~ The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom.
What is the atomic number?
✓ ~~~ The number of protons int the atom, specific for each element.
