Download Pharmacology Questions and Answers: Drugs, Routes of Administration, and Bronchodilators and more Exams Pharmacology in PDF only on Docsity!
ACCS PHARMACOLOGY Questions and
answers with 100% correct solutions | A+
Grade 2025
DRUGS ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION (5) ✔✔1. Enteral
- Parenteral
- Transdermal
- Inhalation
- Topical
What is enteral route? ✔✔ENTERAL - absorbed in GI
a. sublingual
b. oral
c. buccal/ lingual/ sublingual
d. rectal
What is the Parenteral route? (3) ✔✔Parenteral
a. Intravenous ( IV)
b. intramuscular (IM)
c. subcutaneous (SubQ).
What is the transdermal route? ✔✔delivered through the skin into the blood stream
What is the inhalation route? (2) ✔✔a. aerosolized
b. airway instillation
What is the topical route? ✔✔medication to the body surface for local effects
Name the (9) drug classifications ✔✔1. sedatives
- anesthetics
- analgesics
- neuromuscular blocking agents
- bronchodilators
- cardiac drugs
- vasoactive drugs
- renal drugs
- anti- infective agents
What are sedatives? ✔✔decrease anxiety and promotes relaxtion
What are anesthetics? ✔✔reduce patients ability to perceive sensation
What are analgesics? ✔✔reduces the sensation of pain
What are neuromuscular blocking agents? ✔✔cause paralysis of skeletal muscles
What are bronchodilators? ✔✔open airways
most vasopressors are alpha- stimulating drugs
What is the beta 1 response? ✔✔increased rate ( chronotropic) and strength of contraction ( inotropic) of the cardiac muscles
most cardiac drugs are beta 1
What is the beta 2 response? ✔✔bronchodilation and a week vasodilation effect
most respiratory drugs are beta 2
What response does beta2 agonist / symathomimetic/ adrenergic drugs have? ✔✔bronchodilation
What is the parasympathetic branch? ✔✔is a conservation system and innervates smooth muscles
What is the primary indication of bronchodilators? ✔✔treat bronchospasm/ wheezing in patients with asthma and COPD
What are short acting beta agonists (SABA) used for?
Name 2 * ✔✔rescue/ quick relief medications
treats acute episodes of bronchospasm
*albuterol and xopenex
What are the generic names for albuterol? ✔✔Ventolin or Proventil
What are the dose of albuterol when nebulized 0.5% solution? ✔✔0.5 ml- 1.0 ml in 3 ml of NS every 1- 6 hours
What is the unit dose vial size of albuterol? ✔✔2.5 mg in 3 ml NS- 1 vial every 1-6 hours
What is the continuous dose of albuterol? ✔✔10-15 mg/ hour
What is the MDI does of albuterol? ✔✔90mcg/puff- 1-2 purrs every 4-6 hours
What the generic name for levalbuterol? ✔✔xopenex
What is the unit dose vial for xopenex? ✔✔0.63 mg in 3 ml NS- 1 vial every 6- 8 hours
1.25 mg in 3ml NS- 1 vial every 6-8 hours
What are 8 side effects and hazards of beta adrenergic bronchodilators? ✔✔1. tachypnea
- palpitations ....... feeling heart activity
- hypertension/ hypotension
- Aqueous solution ( Perforomist R) 20 mcg/ 2ml -
1 vial every 12 hrs
How is Arformoterol ( Brovana) dispensed? ✔✔Aqueous solution 15 mcg/ 2ml every 12 hours
What are anticholingeric bronchodilators? ✔✔block the bronchoconstriction caused by the parasympathetic nervous system
decreases cyclic GMP
Name 4 anticholinergic bronchodilators? ✔✔1. atropine sulfate
- ipratropium bromide ( atrovent)
- tiotropium bromide (Spiriva)
- Oxitripium bromide ( oxivent)
How is atropine sulfate dispensed? ✔✔Aqueous solution
nebulized
.05 mg/kg in 3 ml NS every 6-8 hrs
How is ipratropium bromide ( atrovent) dispensed? *2 ✔✔1. unit dose vial ------ 500mcg in 2.5 ml NS
1 vial every 8 hrs
- MDI 18 mcg/ puff
1-2 puffs every 4-6 hours max 6 puffs/ day
How is Tiotropium bromide ( spiriva )dispensed? ✔✔DPI 18 mcg/ inhalation - 1 inhalation per day
How is oxitropium bromide ( Oxivent ) dispensed? ✔✔MDI 100 mg/puff- 2 puffs every 8-12 hrs
what are Methylxanthines? ✔✔Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
How does methylxanthines work? ✔✔indirectly increases the amount of cAMP within smooth muscles. The increased amount causes bronchodilation
What is the usual route of methylxanthines?
*3 ✔✔1- intravenous
2- injection
3- tablet
what is the safe therapeutic blood levels of theophylline? ✔✔10- 20 mg/ mL to optimize bronchodilation
blood level are important for patients receiving methylxanthines
Name 5 methylxanthine drugs ✔✔1. Theophylline ( aminophylline)
MDI 2-4 times/day
How is Budesonide dispensed? ✔✔Pulmicort
DPI or unit dose 1-2 times/day
How is prednisone dispensed? ✔✔oral
used for patients with acute exacerbation
How is methyprednisone or solu- Medrol dispensed ✔✔IV
used for patients admitted with acute exacerbation
What are the side effect of inhaled corticosteroids? ✔✔They are severe.
Adrenal suppression
Cushings syndrome
hypertension
oral candidiasis ( thrush)
How to treat thrush from ICS? ✔✔Nystatin ....... antfungal agent
How do you prevent thrush with ICS? ✔✔rinse mouth
Combining adrenergic= anticholinergic ✔✔only administer 1 drug from each category
eg ipratropium + albuterol ( combivent or duoneb)
Why use duoneb? ✔✔*bronchodilation
*more control of bronchospasm seen in COPD and asthma
*Reduced drug dosages
What is advair drug combination? ✔✔fluticasone (anti inflammatory) and salmeterol ( long acting bronchodialtory
What is symbicort drug combination? ✔✔budesonide ( anti inflammatory) and formoterol ( long acting bronchodilator)
Who are anti inflammatory and long acting drugs used for? ✔✔patients with asthma and copd
How often should anti inflammatory and long acting drug combination used? ✔✔twice a day
When is anti inflammatory and long acting drug combination not recommended? ✔✔treatment of acute bronchospasm
What is the sequence multiple inhaled medication should be administered? ✔✔1. bronchodilator and or anticholinergic ( albuterol and atrovent)
How much should be administered? ✔✔bronchodilator
3-4 ml of 10-20%
Who is dornase, alpha DNase ( pulmonzyme) indicated for? ✔✔patients with Cystic Fibrosis
What does pulmozyme do? ✔✔* decreases the frequency of respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis patients requiring parenteral antibiotics
- treating viscous secretions in CF
What is the recommended dose of pulmozyme and how to administer? ✔✔* 2.5 mg via nebulizer once or twice a day
- requires refrigeration and protection from light
What are the side effects of pulmozme? * 6 ✔✔1. voice alteration
- pharyngitis
- laryngitis
- rash
- chest pain
- conjunctivis
What are leukotriene modifiers? ✔✔non steroidal drugs approved for use in patient with mild to moderate persistent asthma
When you wouldn't use a leukotriene modifier? ✔✔to treat an acute asthma attack
What do leukotriene modifiers do? ✔✔improve lung function, reduce symptoms and need for beta agonist drugs
Name 3 leukotriene modifiers *3 ✔✔1. montelukast ( singulair)
- zafirlukast ( accolade)
- zileuton ( zyflo)
When do you use morphine sulfate nebulized? ✔✔to relieve dyspnea for patients with endstage COPD
What is pentamidine ( NebuPent)? ✔✔used to treat pneumocystis jiroveci ( carinii)
- commonly seen in patients with aids or hiv
What is the adverse effect of pentamidine ( nebupent)? ✔✔bronchospasm
How is pentamidine administered? ✔✔special nebulizer Respiragard II
How does propofol cause hypotension ✔✔negative inotropic effect resulting in decreased stroke volume, cardiac output, SVR
Pre- procedure treatment before propofol ✔✔*fluid bolus
*vasopressors
