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COMD 5070 EXAM 2 Updated 2024
/w/ - ANSWER-______ production is characterized by lip rounding and an elevated tongue dorsum (back), and is similar to /u/ articulation 1/12 - ANSWER-semitone scaling: -using semitones corresponds more closely to our pitch perception (non-linear) -a semitone is always _____ of an octave -S.D. in Hz is hard to compare across males and females, so we use semitone standard deviation to make values comparable for high or low mean F 12 - ANSWER-a typical voice has a slope value of _____ dB per octave, which reflects how sharply the harmonic amplitudes drop off from the F 150-200 - ANSWER-a healthy voice has an average airflow of ____-______ cc/sec e.g. if 1 liter of air is used and phonation lasts 5 seconds, the average airflow is 1/ L/sec, or 0.2 L/sec 25, 100 - ANSWER-voiceless VOT is typically above ______ ms (ms before VF oscillation commences) -may be as much as ______ ms 30 - ANSWER-a representative semitone standard deviation (STSD) requires about _______ seconds of continuous speech -remember that F0 typically rises with SPL 5 ms - ANSWER-if F0 is 200 Hz, what is its period in ms? 5-7, 15-20 - ANSWER-Psub values typical for: -normal speech/conversation: ____ cmH2O -loud speech/shouting: ____ cmH2O -clear association between Psub and SPL 50-150, 1/10 - ANSWER-the stop gap closure is typically -______ ms or ____/ of a second in duration 6, 12, 18 - ANSWER-on a laryngeal source spectrum, showing F0 and harmonics, the F0 is the first and tallest harmonic component -_____ dB/octave is associated with a bright, resonant voice -_____ dB/octave is associated with a typical voice -______ dB/octave is associated with a thin, weak voice
abdomen, ribcage - ANSWER-during singing, there is some degree of independence between the ______ and ______ allowing the singer greater control of their voice affricate - ANSWER-a/n __________ is a: -stop -then a noisy release -frication that is longer than a stop burst -shorter than a fricative affricates - ANSWER-fairly brief stop and frication interval is associated with _________ age, speech rate, phonetic context - ANSWER-influences on VOT:
airflow rate/volume velocity - ANSWER-cc/s, L/s, gallons/minute, are all units that can be used to represent _______ _____/______ _______ alaryngeal speech - ANSWER-some people who get cancer of the larynx have to get a laryngectomy, and must learn to use ________ ___________ in which the esophageal sphincter vibrates for the production of voice -the F0 can be as low as 30 Hz aperiodic, nearly periodic - ANSWER-noise is _______ in its waveform, while the human voice is ______ ________ aspiration - ANSWER-_________ may follow a voiceless stop -only seen in CV contexts -vocal folds begin to adduct -moving air become turbulent at the glottis -generates noise, although weak in amplitude/energy aspiration - ANSWER-in an aspirated voiceless stop, the duration of the frication interval
- __________ is equivalent to the VOT because the VF are stretched very tightly for falsetto, requiring more pressure to oscillate them - ANSWER-Psub is lower for pulse register and higher for falsetto, why might this be? cmH2O - ANSWER-what is the pressure unit of measurement used in speech research? decreases - ANSWER-as frequency increases, the duration of each cycle (period)
-more akin to a pure tone because of less harmonic components first burst, air, narrow gap - ANSWER-transient and frication: what occurs before and after burst release? -air pressure builds behind closure (e.g. behind lips for bilabial stop) -lips part or tongue moves down -transient- ______ ______ of ________ (lower amplitude, longer duration) -frication-air flows through ______ ______ -gap gradually widens -often hard to separate transient/frication form different constrictions, increase tube length - ANSWER-how can you vary the vocal tract behavior?
- ________ _______ _______ in the vocal tract
formant - ANSWER-a __________ is the resonant peak in the vocal tract transfer function (i.e. some frequencies in a given range are amplified/boosted and are more prominent than the other sounds in the spectrum) formant frequencies - ANSWER-a larger vocal tract yields lower ____ _____ formants - ANSWER-as energy passes through the vocal tract, certain frequencies are favored and others weakened -the vocal tract is made up of different resonating cavities that differ in size and shape during articulation this explains _______ frication - ANSWER-_______ is another word for turbulent airflow frication - ANSWER-if a word-final stop is not released, it is difficult to tell where closure ends because there is no visible _______, which contains spectral information about the place of articulation fricatives - ANSWER-narrowing of the vocal tract/partial obstruction is associated with
glides - ANSWER-the _________, AKA approximants/semivowels /w/ and /j/, are called so because the tongue is moving during their production, similar to diphthongs glottis, frication - ANSWER-aspiration comes from the ________, while ________ comes from the point of constriction
higher - ANSWER-alveolar stops resonate ________ frequencies because the space in front of the constriction between the lips is small higher, higher - ANSWER-/ae/ has a ______ F1 and _______ F higher, low, increase - ANSWER-F1 relates to mouth opening. -the wider open the mouth, the ______ the F1 frequency -F1 is very _____ for a stop closure -C to V transition: F1 will _______ higher, lower - ANSWER-/a/ has a ______ F1 and _______ F higher, shorter, lower, longer - ANSWER-a small tube will resonate _____ frequencies bc they have a ______ wavelength, and a longer tube will resonate _________ frequencies bc they have a ______ wavelength histories, steady - ANSWER-coarticulation: -F1 and F2 change -C to V transitions -V to C transitions -vowels are seen as format '_______' rather than ______ states increase - ANSWER-vowel production: as you lower tongue and jaw, you ______ the frequency of F increased - ANSWER-professional singers tend to keep an _______ F0 across their lifespans possibly due to increased muscle tone in their larynx inhale, exhale - ANSWER-as we in _______, the rib cage and abdomen expand (increasing lung volume and thus decreasing pressure), and as we _________, they contract (decreasing lung volume and thus increasing pressure) intraoral pressure, vowels, fricatives, stop consonants - ANSWER-Pio stands for
-it is equal to atmospheric pressure for _________, elevated for ______, and highest for
laminar, turbulent - ANSWER-________ airflow is smooth; air molecules have straight, parallel paths -typical in wide, smooth tubes _______ airflow is more chaotic; air molecules bounce around -typical in small constrictions; and make the sounds we perceive as noise
lowers - ANSWER-lip rounding ________ all formants, regardless of tongue placement and advancement, because as you round your lips you lengthen the vocal tract/tube resonator lowest, highest, VF oscillate - ANSWER-the fundamental frequency (F0) is the ______ frequency and also _______ amplitude harmonic component of all the waves that add up to make the voice spectrum -it reflects the rate at which the _______ _______ maximum phonation time (MPT), flow - ANSWER-_____ _____ _______ (__), is a popular task in voice assessment in which the client takes the deepest breath they can and sustain phonation (usually /a/) for as long as they can at a constant loudness level -can be reduced if not enough air supply from lungs, respiratory disease, or disordered use of larynx -measuring _______ directly can tell us more about laryngeal function mid-range - ANSWER-velar stops resonate _______ frequencies because there is space in front of the velum, but the oral cavity is tense because of its shape and size mid-range, lower - ANSWER-/s/ production in isolation shows more energy distributed toward the _______ frequencies, while /sh/ production in isolation shows more energy distributed toward the _______ frequencies -this is because when producing /sh/, there is more lip rounding, creating a cavity anterior to the constriction that resonates the sound differently modal register - ANSWER-______ ______: AKA chest voice -typical speaking voice -also used for mid-range singing -has a wide dynamic range (soft to loud voice) -whole mass of vocal fold oscillates(TA muscle, layers of lamina propria, mucousal cover) modal, falsetto - ANSWER-if you want to find out a person's F0 range, have them do a max performance task -phonate /a/ in lowest ________ voice -phonate /a/ in highest ________ voice -can be representative of overall laryngeal health -can also do it through a glissango upward or downward (sliding through pitches so as to not damage their VF) -mean F0 and STSD in speech show what a speaker typically does
modal, fry - ANSWER-in declarative utterances in english, we tend to have a decrease in amplitude and in F0 towards the end of the utterance, causing us to often go from ____ phonation into ______ monotone - ANSWER-F0 variability = intonation -low variability = _______ voice nasals, nasal - ANSWER-in _______, the VP couples or separates the cavities -the ____ cavity contributes to the damping of energy that enters it, causing them to be a low intensity sounds -it begins with an open velum, then oral obstruction -place of constriction shapes the resonance -there is a consonant similarity but they are still distinguishable phonation threshold pressure, 3-5, dehydration, vocal fatigue - ANSWER-PTP stands for ________ ________ _________ and is the pressure needed for the VF to start vibrating -between _______ cmH2O is needed to start, but less is needed to maintain it -PTP increases with _______, and _______ _______ pitch, mode of VF oscillation - ANSWER-moving between registers is difficult because you are not just changing the _______ but also the ____ ___ _____ _______ place, 50 - ANSWER-F1 and F2 transitions in CV contexts signal the ______ of articulation -formant transition duration is usually about ____ ms pneumotacograph, increases - ANSWER-a ___________ is a device (usually modified anesthesia mask) that contains a wire-mesh screen that acts as a resistance -transducers measure differential pressure between upstream (below resistance) and downstream (above resistance) airflow -differential pressure ________ with flow rate precise articulation - ANSWER-e.g. parkinson's disease example in lecture -hypokinetic dysarthria speech is more consistent/natural/predictable when a person speaks loudly vs. being focused on hyperarticulation -this shows that louder speech = more ______ ______, which shows how source influences filter behavior pressure - ANSWER-_______ = force per unit area
spirometer - ANSWER-a _________ measures air volume -person breathes in as far as they can and then blows out air until none is left -gives a good idea of whether the respiratory system might be involved in disordered laryngeal function stop gap - ANSWER-the _________ ________ is characterized by total or near-total absence of energy -most easily seen between vowels (e.g. /ata/ or /apa/) -hard to see if stop is phrase-initial -typically 50-150 ms in duration -VF oscillation may continue into voiced stop -visible voice bar on spectrogram stops - ANSWER-complete closure of the vocal tract momentarily is associated with
stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, glides, liquids - ANSWER-the 3 obstruents are: ____, ______, and _____ the 3 sonorants/non-obstruents are: ______, ______, and _______ subglottal pressure - ANSWER-Ps or Psub stands for ________ ________ and is the driving pressure for phonation/speech (pressure from lungs to larynx) tracheal puncture - ANSWER-in a ________ ________, a physician creates a hole in the trachea (below the larynx) & puts a mini pressure transducer into it to measure the pressure -provides direct & accurate measures during speech, but it is invasive and hard to attract volunteers tracheal puncture, esophageal pressure - ANSWER-what are 2 ways you can measure subglottal pressure (Psub)? (1 direct and 1 indirect measure) transglottal pressure, lower, higher - ANSWER-pressure below the larynx - pressure above the larynx = __________ _______ -according to ohm's law, higher resistance means ________ flow, and lower resistance means ______ flow true - ANSWER-T/F: a spectrogram of a stop consonant from a person with dysarthria would show a decreased stop duration because their tongue/lips may not fully approximate targets true - ANSWER-T/F: if word-final stops are released, where clear frication follows closure, it maximizes intelligibility
true - ANSWER-T/F: loudness affects pitch perception u-tube manometer, electronic equipment, static, dynamic - ANSWER-a ________ ________ is a tubed device containing water that is level on both sides until pressure is applied to it and displaces it -once pressure is applied, measure the difference in height of both columns, and that will give you the cm of water that has been displaced by pressure applied -used to calibrate _____ ______ used to measure pressure -measures _____ pressure but not suited for ________ pressure of speech production upstream, downstream - ANSWER-differential pressure calculation: -__________ - __________ VF oscillation, turbulent airflow - ANSWER-the 2 sound sources of a voiced fricative are
vocal tract transfer function - ANSWER-the ______ ________ ________ _______ is the term used to describe the difference between the sound that enters the vocal tract and the sound that leaves it voice bar, voiceless stop, voiceless, voiced - ANSWER-word-final stops: how can you tell if a stop is voiced or not? -other cues can help:
- _____ ______ during stop closure (low frequency energy available to auditory system)
- longer stop gap for ______ ______
- stronger release burst for _____ (more oral pressure)
- longer vowel before _______ stop voice onset time - ANSWER-________ ______ _______ is the time between closure release and vocal fold vibration or, said another way, the coordination between the vocal folds and vocal tract as it forms its constrictions voiced stop, voiceless stop - ANSWER-stop gap duration is less for a ______ _______ and longer for a _______ ________ voiced, negative, -20, +20, 25-100 - ANSWER-a _________ stop has a VOT very close to 0 -prevoicing will yield _______ values -range: ____ to ______ ms for b, d, g
