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COLLEGE A&P EXAM 1 Latest Version
- 3 types of vesicles formed by Golgi Appartus & their functions - i. 1 - secretory vesicles-modify and package products for exocytosis ii. 2 - membrane renewal vesicles-add or remove plasma membrane components iii. 3 - lysosomes-carry enzymes to cytosol for use within cell
- 4 major types of tissues - i. Epithelial, ii. Connective, iii. Musle, iv. Nervous
- 5 classes of lipids - i. Fatty acids ii. glycerides, iii. steroids, iv. phospholipids, v. eicosanoids
- A solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution (proton donor) is called Acid i. Acidic ph - ✔✔Less than 7. ii. High h+ concentration iii. Low oh- concentration
- Active transport vs. passive transport - ✔✔A-requiring energy (ATP)
- P-no energy needed
- Anions - ✔✔Negative charged ions
- Anterior/Ventral - ✔✔Front
- Base - ✔✔A solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution (proton acceptor) i. Basic pH - ✔✔More than 7. ii. Low h+ Concentration iii. High oh- concentration 10.Body cavities are... - ✔✔Internal chambers in which many organs are suspended
- Body cavities two main functions - i. 1 - protect organs from accidental shocks ii. 2 - permit charges in size and shape of internal organs 12.Buffers - ✔✔Compounds that stabilize ph by removing and replacing h+ (hel maintain normal ph of body fluids)
- 2 classes of nucleic acids- they are strings of what. Also, how is their basic structure different? - i. 1 - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - double helix ii. 2 - Riboncleic Acid (RNA) - single helix
23.Chemical Reactant - ✔✔Reactions occur in water 24.Chromatin vs. chromosomes (also, how many chromosomes do somatic cells contain?) - ✔✔Chromatin-loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing) 25.Chromosomes-tightly coiled DNA (cells dividing) 26.Somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) 27.Cilia & function - ✔✔Small hair-like extensions that move fluids across the cell surface 28.Compare and contrast the 3 types of chemical reactions that occur inside our cells. - ✔✔READ/LOOK AT NOTES 29.Connective Tissue - ✔✔Fills spaces, structural support, transports material. Ex. Blood/bones 30.Covalent Bonds- what are they? - ✔✔Involve the sharing of pairs of valence electrons between atoms (both atoms fill their valence shells) 31.Cranial/Cephallic - ✔✔Head/top 32.Cytoskeleton & function - ✔✔The structural proteins for shape strength and movement of substances 33.Composed of: microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubles 34.Deep - ✔✔Further from the surface
35.Define anatomy - ✔✔The study of the structures of the body 36.Define biology - ✔✔The scientific study of life 37.Define osmosis and describe ho it works (in your own words) - ✔✔o-the diffusion of water across the cell membrane 38.How it works: more solute molecules, lower concentration of water molecules on one side of the membrane, membrane must be freely permeable to water selectively permeable to solutes, water molecules diffuse across membrane toward solution with more solutes, volume increases on the side with more solutes 39.Define physiology - ✔✔The study of the functions of the anatomical structures (specific functions are performed by specific structures) 40.Describe the following enzyme characteristic:specificity - ✔✔Active sites only bind substrates with a certain shape and size 41.Describe the general process of protein synthesis (in your own words) using the words transcription & translation. (Be sure to mention the role of enzymes, ribosomes, and the 3 kinds of RNA). - ✔✔----DO! 42.Describe the interrelationship of structure and function using an example. - ✔✔Erythrocytes(red blood cells) used to carry oxygen, contain no
50.Differentiate between glycolysis vs. aerobic respiration (what are the major reactants and products of each? Where does each take place in a cell? - ✔✔G-occurs in cytosol, 1 glucose-2 pyruvate Pyruvate absorbed into mitochondria AR- occurs inside mitochondria CO2 removed from pyruvate (carbon dioxide) O2 is used in the process and H2O is produced as a byproduct 95% of ATP needed to keep cells alive is produced 51.Digestive System - ✔✔Processing of food ad absorption of nutrients minerals vitamins and water ex. Stomach, intensifies and esophagus 52.Disaccharides - ✔✔Two simple sugars ex-sucrose, maltose 53.Distal - ✔✔Further from the point of attachment/trunk 54.DNA has instructions for making every _________ in the body. - ✔✔PROTEIN 55.Do atoms "want" a full set of valence electrons? Also, what do atoms do to get full valence shells? - ✔✔YES! They either share lose or gain electrons to fill their valence shells 56.Dorsal body cavity (posterior) - ✔✔
1 - cranial cavity (brain) 2 - vertebral cavity (spinal cord) 57.Eicosanoids - ✔✔Chemical messengers that coordinate local cellular activities ex- pain on finger when it is cut, but you don't feel pain in your mouth 58.Endocrine System - ✔✔Directing long-term changes in other organ systems (realeases hormones) ex. Throyid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries 59.Epithelial Tissue - ✔✔Lines/and or covers structures (organs) Ex. Skin 60.Explain homeostatic regulation using blood glucose as an example. - ✔✔Increased BG- Sensed by insulin producing cells in the pancreas-insulin producing cells produce insulin-insulin is released-most body cells take up more BG-BG decreases and the stimulus is negated, (insulin is released- liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen) 61.The original stimulus was increase in BG and the response was a decrease in BG (homeostatic regulation) 62.Explain the general life cycle of a cell. Which phase is longest? - ✔✔-- 63.Explain the major features discussed in lecture of each of the steps of mitosis. - ✔✔___@@@@!!!!!
72.Golgi apparatus & function - ✔✔Modify coming from RER and packages them in vesicles 73.3 types of vesicles carry matiearl away from the Golgi apparatus: 74.High Heat Capacity - ✔✔Can absorb a lot of heat energy, cooling effect of perspiration 75.Homeostasis - ✔✔All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment 76.How do the bases pair? - ✔✔Purines pair with pyrimidines 77.How does diffusion work? - ✔✔all molecules are constantly in motion, concentration is the amount of solute in a solvent, solutes always move in one direction-from high concentration to low concentration to try and eliminate concentration gradient 78.How many different types of reactions does one type of enzyme catalyze? - ✔✔1, each enzyme only catalyze one type of reaction 79.How many electrons can each of the first two electron shells contain? – First shell- 2e Second shell-8e
80.Hydrogen Bonds- what are they? - ✔✔Bonds between adjacent molecules, not atoms 81.Form as a result of slightly positive and slightly negative portions of adjacent molecules being attracted to one another 82.Hydrolysis vs. Dehydration Synthesis - ✔✔H- decomposition using water DS-removal of water to form a larger molecule 83.Hydrophilic - ✔✔Interacts with water, includes ions 84.Hydrophobic - ✔✔Does NOT interact with water, includes fats & oils (lipids) 85.Hypertonic solutions - ✔✔a hypertonic solution has more solutes and gains by osmosis 86.Hypotonic solutions - ✔✔a hypotonic solution has less solutes and loses h20 through osmosis 87.If given a picture of a cell, you should be able to identify the organelles in it we learned in class. - ✔✔Okay look in book 88.Inferior - ✔✔Below 89.Integumentary System - ✔✔Protection from environmental hazards; temp control ex. Hair, skin, nails, sweat glands
99.Medial - ✔✔Middle/midline
- Membranous vs, non-membranous organelles- differentiate between the two - ✔✔M-endoplasmic reticulum-- smooth endoplamsic reticulum has no ribsomones attached and synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates-- Rough endoplamsic reticulum surface convered with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins and modifies proteins (golgi apparatus, mitochondria)
- NM- cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, and ribosomes
- Microvilli & function - ✔✔Finger-shaped extensions of cell membrane - increases surface area for absorption(digestive tract)
- Midsagittal - ✔✔Right down the center of the body
- Mitochondria & function - ✔✔Have outer membrane and inner membrane with numerous folds (cristae) they produce; energy molecules = ATP
- Monosaccharides - ✔✔Simple sugars, ex- glucose, fructose, galactose (C6h12o6)
- Muscle Tissue - ✔✔Movement, posture, and body temperature
- Muscular System - ✔✔Locomotion; heat production, supports ex. Skeletal muscle & tendons
- Nervous System - ✔✔Directing immediate responses to stimuli usually by coordinating the actives of other systems ex. Brain, spinal cord, nerves
- Nervous Tissue - ✔✔Conducts electrical impulses
- Neutral ph - ✔✔A balance of h+ and oh-, pure water ph==7. blood=.
- Organic molecules - ✔✔Usually very large molecules containing H, C, & O (CONTAINS CARBON)
- Parasagittal - ✔✔Parallel to midsagittal
- Parietal layer - ✔✔Lines cavity
- Parietal pericardium - ✔✔Outermost layer
- Parietal peritoneum - ✔✔Lies against body wall in abdominal cavity
- Parietal pleura - ✔✔Body wall, outside layer
- Peptide bonds - ✔✔Amino acids linked through dehydration synthesis
- Protein examples - ✔✔Hemoglobin, collagen, hair, muscles, bones
- Proteins- building blocks? - ✔✔Amino acids (20)
- Proximal - ✔✔Closer to the point of attachment/trunk
- Reproductive System - ✔✔Production of sex cells and hormones ex. Ovaries, breast, vagina, testes, penis
- Respiratory System - ✔✔Transports of air, to and from, sites of gas exchange between air and blood ex. Lungs, trachea, pharynx, larynx, bronchi
- Retriperitoneal cavity - ✔✔Space behind parietal peritoneum (contains kidney, pancreas)
- Ribosomes & function - ✔✔Help build proteins
- Free ribosomes in cytoplasm-manufacture proteins for the cell
- Fixed ribosomes attached to ER-manufacture proteins for secretion
- Rough ER & functon - ✔✔Surface covered with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins and modifies proteins
- --encloses products in transport vesicles-which carry the proteins to the Golgi apparatus
- Sagittal - ✔✔Left & right portions
- Salt - ✔✔Ionic compound with any cation or anion except h+ & OH-
- Serous membranes are... - ✔✔The moist, slippery & delicate lining of the cavities
- Serous membranes consists of what two layers. - ✔✔Parietal & visceral
- Serous membranes of the thoracic cavity - ✔✔Pleural & pericardium
- Six levels of organization (from smallest to largest) - ✔✔Chemical Level, Cellular Level, Tissue Level, Organ Level, Organ System Level, Organism
- Skeletal System - ✔✔Protection of soft tissues; mineral storage (ca) ex. Bones & joints
- Smallest structural unit capable of life? - ✔✔Cell
- Smooth Er & function - ✔✔No ribosomes attached, synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates (membranes)
- Solubility - ✔✔Water is a great solvent that dissolves salutes
- Ventral body cavity is divided by... - ✔✔The diaphragm and into the thoracic cavity and the abdominalpelvic cavity
- Visceral layer - ✔✔Covers organ
- Visceral pericardium - ✔✔Lies on top of the heart
- Visceral peritoneum - ✔✔Lies on top of abdominal organs
- Visceral pleura - ✔✔Lies on top of lung tissue
- What 3 major organic molecules compose the plasma membrane? - ✔✔Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates
- What actually determines the reactivity of an atom? In other words, when two atoms interact, what is it that actually does the interacting? - ✔✔Electrons
- What are 2 major components of the cytoplasm? - ✔✔Cytosol= liquid
- Intracellular structures collectively known as organelles
- What are chromatids? - ✔✔--
- What are electrolytes? - ✔✔Ions in solution that conduct electric current
- What are nucleotides (i.e. What 3 molecule parts make them up?) - ✔✔A sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
- What are the different nitrogenous bases? How do DNA & RNA differ in regard to nitrogenous bases? - ✔✔A- adenine
- T-thymine
- C-cytosine
- G-guanine
- U-uracil (only in RNA & replaces T)
- What are the two classes of cells in the human body? - ✔✔Sex cells (gametes) - reproductive cells /sperm & egg
- Somatic cells- all body cells except sex cells
- What are the two types of vesicular transport? - ✔✔Endocytosis & Exocytosis
- What determines the function of a protein? - ✔✔The protein shape
- What do serous membranes do? - ✔✔Line the body cavity & cover organs within cavities
- What does "selectively permeable" mean when talking about the plasma membrane? - ✔✔allows some materials to move freely, restricts other materials
