Advanced Computer Networks, Summaries of Computer Networks

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• Module

CO 1 : Comprehend the terminology and concepts of basic

communication model, analyse the protocol layers and design

application layer protocols.

CO 2 : Understand and analyse the various transport layer protocols.

CO 3 : Compare and contrast various routing algorithms in the

network layer.

CO 4 : Understand and analyse the concepts of link layer and physical

layer.

CO 5 : Understand how modern cellular and wireless networks work

Overview of Computer Networks and Internet

Network Hardware

Overview of Computer Networks and Internet

Network Hardware

• Local Area Networks

•Metropolitan Area Networks

•Wide Area Networks

Network Hardware

•Local Area Networks

•Metropolitan Area Networks

• Wide Area Networks

Overview of Computer Networks and Internet

Overview of Computer Networks and Internet

Protocol defines the format and the order of messages

exchanged between two or more communication entities, as

well as actions taken on the transmission and receipt of a

message or event

Network Software

Overview of Computer Networks and Internet

The end systems connected by communication links

There are many types of links which are made up of different

types of physical media – including coaxial cable, copper wire,

fiber optics and radio spectrum

Different links can transmit at different rates measured in

meter/sec

The end system send data to another end system by segmenting

the data and adds header to each segments and then sent thru

the link. They are known as packets. At the destination end

system, these packets are reassembled to form the original data.

The end systems access internet thru Internet Service

Providers(ISP).

The ARPANET is the Grandparent of all wide area computer networks, and its

successor, the world wide Internet.

The internet has no single inventor. It has evolved over time

The ARPANET(Advanced Research Project Agency), research network

sponsored by the DoD (U.S. Department of Defense), was interested to

connect computers, in 1960s

It eventually connected hundreds of universities and government installations,

using leased telephone lines.

When satellite and radio networks were added later, the existing protocols

had trouble interworking with them, so a new reference architecture was

needed.

History of Internet

Internet Administration

The Internet society (ISOC) is an international non profit organization formed in 1992 to provide support for internet standard process. The Internet Architecture board is (IAB) is a technical advisor of ISOC.

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a forum of working groups managed by I nternet Engineering Steering Group(IESG). It is responsible for identifying operational problems and proposing solutions to these problems.

The IRTF(Internet Research Task Force) is a forum of working groups managed by I nternet Research Steering Group(IRSG), focus on long term research topics related to Internet protocol, applications, architecture and technology

Data Communication

Process of transmitting data from one point to

another

Key elements in the model

- Source : Device which generates the data to be transmitted - Transmitter : Device which transforms and encodes the information that needs to be transmitted - Transmission medium : provides the path for data communication - Receiver : Device which accepts the signal from the transmission media and converts in to a form that can be handled by the destination device - Destination : Takes the incoming data from the receiver - Protocol. A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. It represents an agreement between the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating.

⚫ Protocol

⚫ Defines the format and the order of messages exchanged between two or more communicating entities, ⚫ Defines actions taken on the transmission and/or receipt of a message or other event. ⚫ Different protocols are used to accomplish different communication tasks. ⚫ Used by The Internet, and computer networks ⚫ The key elements in the protocol are syntax, semantics, timing.

⚫ Network designers organize protocols—and the network hardware and software that implement the protocols— ⚫ in layers. ⚫ Each protocol belongs to one of the layers ⚫ Layer architecture simplifies the network design.

● Advantages.

● Protocol layering has conceptual and structural advantages.

● Layering provides a structured way to discuss system components.

● Modularity makes it easier to update system components. Divide complex task into several smaller and simpler tasks.

● Separate services from implementation.