Download Advanced Physiology 201- EXAM 1-2024 study guide CHAPTER 1 Ivy Tech Dr. Kyle's class and more Exams Animal Anatomy and Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Advanced Physiology 201- EXAM 1-
study guide CHAPTER 1 Ivy Tech Dr.
Kyle's class
Physiology - Answer>>the study of the phenomena of living things; the study of the functions of organisms, Pathophysiology - Answer>>the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body Levels of organization; Hierarchy of life - Answer>>atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism Atom - Answer>>Smallest particle of an element Molecule - Answer>>two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds Macromolecules are - Answer>>______ is a very large molecule, such as protein, commonly created by polymerization of smaller subunits ;monomers;. They are typically composed of thousands or more atoms. macrocycles). The most common macromolecules in biochemistry are? - Answer>>biopolymers -nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and polyphenols- and large non-polymeric molecules -such as lipids and macrocycles. organelles in cytoplasm are? - Answer>>Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, centrosome, lysosome, vesicles, peroxisomes Cells - Answer>>smallest living unit
What are the 4 types of cells? - Answer>>1) neurons, (2) muscle cells, (3) epithelial cells, and (4) connective tissue cells Tissue - Answer>>Any such collection of cells performing similar functions is referred to as? tissues are also classified into four basic groups: - Answer>>nervous tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, and connective tissue. The term tissue is also loosely defined as? - Answer>>any of the materials of which the body is composed. Organ - Answer>>when two or more tissues combine to make up structures that perform particular functions, those structures are called organ system - Answer>>collections of organs that work together to perform certain functions. Organism - Answer>>An individual living thing an example of an Organ is? - Answer>>Heart an example of an organ system is? - Answer>>The cardiovascular system An example of an organ system is the gastrointestinal system, what does it include? - Answer>>This organ system includes the mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. an example of an organism is - Answer>>human
Homeostasis - Answer>> Define homeostasis - Answer>>Maintaining a stable internal environment Hemorrhage is the loss of whole blood, which consists of approximately 55-60% plasma. Without new fluids entering the body, how can plasma volume be elevated toward normal levels to maintain homeostasis? - Answer>>Hemorrhage causes a decrease in blood volume. Body fluids compensate for this effect immediately by shifting interstitial fluid into the plasma. This influx causes blood volume to increase, which helps maintain a normal blood pressure. However, the increase in total blood volume involves only an increase in the plasma, not the blood cells. It takes several days for the number of blood cells to return to normal. Most homeostatic regulatory mechanisms follow the same pattern: If a regulated variable increases, the system responds by making it decrease; if it decreases, the system responds by making it increase. Systems behaving in this manner are said to operate by? - Answer>>negative feedback negative feedback - Answer>>a type of feedback commonly employed in homeostatic regulatory systems in which the response of a system goes in a direction opposite to the change that set it in motion set point - Answer>>Like the cruise control in a car, most homeostatic regulatory mechanisms make adjustments only when they detect a difference between the actual value of the regulated variable and the normal "desired" value called? Error signal - Answer>>any difference between the actual value and the set point. Can the set point be held at a constant level? - Answer>>The set point can not be held ABSOLUTE constant, just as a car's cruise control cannot maintain a specific speed at all times.
Regulated variables fluctuate continuously, but the changes are minimized by? - Answer>>Negative feedback How is glucose levels an example of Negative feed back? - Answer>>A normal concentration of glucose in the blood is approximately 100 mg/dl of blood. After a meal, blood glucose increases, which activates regulatory mechanisms that bring the blood glucose back down to near 100 mg/dl What is the set point for Temperature? - Answer>>37 degrees C, and 98.6 degrees F What is the set point for Glucose? - Answer>>100 mg/dl What is PH set point? - Answer>>Human blood stays in a very narrow pH range right around 7.35 - 7. significance of homeostasis for cell and body function - Answer>> The importance of homeostasis - Answer>>Cells depend on the body environment to live and function. Homeostasis keeps the body environment under control and keeps the conditions right for cells to live and function. Without the right body conditions, certain processes (eg osmosis) and proteins (eg enzymes) will not function properly. Homeostatic regulatory mechanisms include? - Answer>>sensors, and integrating center, and effectors Cells - Answer>>The smallest living units- are specialized to carry out different functions in the body What does diabetes mellitus literally mean? - Answer>>siphon= flow, describing excessive urination, Honey sweet
type 2 diabetes mellitus - Answer>>diabetes caused by either a lack of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin efficiently; usually develops in middle-aged or older adults, and patients usually do not require insulin replacement therapy to control the disorder gestational diabetes - Answer>>a form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies Prediabetes - Answer>>a condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes diabetes insipidus - Answer>>antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect- results in copious urination A fatty acid that has two double bonds between carbon atoms is called? - Answer>>Polyunsaturated Fatty acid #4 Hydrogen bonding between the amino hydrogen of one amino acid and the carboxyl oxygen of another amino acid in a protein is responsible for? - Answer>>-secondary protein structure Glycogen and lipids are stored As inclusions in the cytosol in? - Answer>>True #14. Suppose that molecules of glucose are ingested, absorbed into the bloodstream, and then converted inside muscle cells to carbon dioxide, which is eliminated through the lungs. Describe the path of these molecules as they travel through the body, being sure to mention the various barriers (epithelia or cell membranes) that must be crossed.? - Answer>>In the mouth, down the pharynx, through the esophagus, past the esophageal sphincter and into the stomach. Through the cardiac sphincter and into the duodenum, on to a villus in the brush border of the intestinal mucosa, across the apical membrane (thanks for the help, passive glucose transporter!) and into an intestinal endothelial cell, across the basal membrane (thanks for the help, active glucose transporter!), across the basement membrane and then the capillary endothelium, and into the blood.
Along the capillary into a venule and then a vein, through the liver via the hepatic portal vein, up to the heart along the inferior vena cava. Into the right atrium and then the right ventricle, through the lung and then back to the heart, through the left atrium, left ventricle, and squirted into the aorta (wheee!). Artery to arteriole to capillary, across the capillary endotheilium and the basement membrane, then across the apical membrane and into the cytoplasm of a hungry cell (thanks for the assist, insulin-dependent glucose transporter). Split in half (eek!) and oxidized by NAD+ in the cytoplasm to twin pyruvates, which drift to the mitochondria, across the outer mitochondrial membrane, then cross the inner membrane (thanks for the ride, pyruvate transporter!) where it's decarboxylated (eek!) to yield CO2, then bound to an oxaloacetate molecule for a ride through the citric acid cycle. Once around the citric acid cycle and all that's left is CO2. (Really it takes three trips. There's a waiting line for this ride, just like at Disneyland, and it takes two trips around to get to the front of the line.) The CO2 drifts across the inner, then the outer mitochondrial membrane, drifts through the cytoplasm and across the plasma membrane, across the basement membrane, across the capillary endothelium, and into the blood
- Diabetes is a growing health concern in the United States. Compare the different types of diabetes in terms of: a. their prevalence b. primary cause, c. and diagnostics. d. How might health care workers tackle the growing epidemic of diabetes? - Answer>>• Step 1 of 2 Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder caused due to the variation in blood glucose levels and plasma volume. Diabetes mellitus is highly prevalent in Untied States. There are two main types of diabetes mellitus namely:
- Type I Diabetes mellitus
- Type II Diabetes mellitus.
Type 1 Diabetes is caused due to lack of insulin resulting due to the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. Type 2 Diabetes is caused due to insulin resistance. In this condition the system's muscle, fat, and liver cells fail to utilize insulin effectually . Symptoms: The common symptoms of Type 1 diabetes include:
- Extreme hunger
- Weakness
- Loss of weight
- Increased thirst and increased urination
- Blurred vision The common symptoms of Type 2 diabetes include:
- Increased thirst,
- Greater than before hunger
- Dry mouth
- Nausea
- Frequent urination
- Felling weak and tired all the time
- Blurred vision
- Numbness of the hands or feet
- Sores that are slow to heal Diagnostics Type 1 Diabetes: Can be diagnosed by monitoring glucose levels in the blood and urine samples. The normal levels of blood glucose would be:
- < 4-7mmol/l on fasting
- < 9 mmol/l two hours after fasting Type 1 Diabetes can be diagnosed by: Monitoring glucose levels
