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AFAA personal trainer certification chapter 11
Typology: Exams
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risks and concerns of exercise during pregnancy - strenuous exercise may lead to less weight gain and lighter babies; may result in elevated body temperature that may cause negative effects on the fetus; shunting of blood to the working muscles during exercise decreases utero-placental blood flow and may compromise fetal oxygen supply; there is a concern that exercising muscles will compete with the fetus for glucose ACOG guidelines for exercise during pregnancy - pregnant women should exercise, if no complications they should 30 minutes or more a day of moderate exercise; avoid activities that involve a high risk of falling; checking for diastis recti - (a split in the rectus abdom i n us- check by having client lie supine with knees bent, and curl up; if there is a diastasis, it will be near the navel and will be vertically oriented three abdominal exercises for pregnant women - standing abdominal exercise; side lying; and all fours sarcopenia - loss of muscle strength due partly to declining muscle mass, which in turn is due to aging and inactivity rheumatoid arthritis - less common than osteoarthritis, it is an inflammatory disease, not a degenerative joint disease, classified as an autoimmune disorder fibromyalgia - characterized by symptoms such as widespread pain in joints, muscles, and ligaments, heightened pain at "tender" points throughout the body and possible insomnia, irritable bowel syndrome, fatigue and psychological distress osteopenia - defined as premature bone thinning bone density 1-2.5 standard deviation units below average cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - aka stroke, caused by loss of blood flow to the brain, resulting in the death of affected brain tissue claudication - due to reduced blood flow to the working muscles, it is a cramping burning pain type 1 diabetes - juvenile onset; usually depend on daily injections of insulin as their pancreas does not produce enough, if any, insulin
type 2 diabetes - adult onset; do produce insulin but their cells have decreased insulin sensitivity, and do not accept glucose inside COPD - the 4th leading cause of death, includes any condition in which airway resistance is increased, making it difficult to breathe; primary conditions are chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, and asthma dyspnea - shortness of breath multiple sclerosis - caused by gradual damage to the myelin sheath, or fatty coating that surrounds motor neurons, parkinsons disease - a disorder of the nervous system, specifically of the basal ganglia, a mass of nerve cells in the brain that is responsible for motor functions characteristics of age that affect exercise programming - decreased maximal heart rate as a result of increased "stiffness" of the ventricular walls and slower ventricle filling(stroke volume declines, leading to reduced cardiac output characteristics of age that affect exercise programming - decreased VO2 max, largely due to the reduced cardiac output characteristics of age that affect exercise programming - increasing blood pressure, primarily resulting from progressive arteriosclerosis characteristics of age that affect exercise programming - increased use of medications, especially those for hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias characteristics of age that affect exercise programming - slower reaction time due to a slower velocity of nerve conduction(slows 10-15% by age 70) characteristics of age that affect exercise programming - progressive loss of bone mass and bone strength, especially in women, and the degeneration of joint cartilage causing an increase in osteoarthritis, which then increases the likelihood of back and knee problems characteristics of age that affect exercise programming - increasing percentage of body fat( creeping obesity), which is partly due to a slowing of the BMR (~2% per decade) as well as to increasing activity
be discouraged in the weight room; avoid overly intense or !RM training; focus on participation and proper technique rather than the amount of resistance lifestyle factors that influence high blood pressure - high sodium intake; high dietary saturated fat intake; cigarette smoking; heavy alcohol consumption; obesity; high stress lifestyle; physical inactivity these clients may need to be in a medically supervised exercise program - clients who have systolic BP that decreases during exercise; those who frequently have resting systolic BP > 160 mmHg or resting diastolic BP>90mmHg; and those with an abnormal increase in BP >200mmHg cardiorespiratory and strength training recommendations for training people with hypertension - learn to take blood pressure where permitted; respect the limits of your expertise, know when clients should be in a medically supervised program; be alert for symptoms of heart disease, onset of angina or an inappropriate drop in heart rate; an intensity level of 40-60% of HRR is recommended- mild to moderate intensity exercise may be better than high intensity exercise at controlling hypertension; use RPE to asses intensity if client is on blood pressure medication; be familiar with the exercise effects of blood pressure medications; use caution when recommending strength training to hypertensives-avoid very heavy weights and clenched fists, keep intensity low and increase the number of repetitions; avoid isometric training due to the likelihood of straining with a closed throat, which may cause an elevation in blood pressure; avoid positions in which the feet ate higher than the head; teach relaxation and stress management techniques signs of hypoglycemia - include excessive fatigue, nausea, lightheadedness, dizziness, profuse perspiration, spots in front of eyes, confusion, shakiness, headaches, sudden rapid heart rate, and even seizures working with diabetics - work with the clients physician(a medical clearance is necessary), insulin dosage should be appropriate for an exercising person with diabetes, keep the emergency medical number and keep emergency response plan handy; for 1 hour after insulin injection, avoid exercising muscle that have infected; do not have your client exercise at the time of peak insulin action; have client eat carbohydrate snacks before and during prolonged exercise, unless direct otherwise by his/her physician; always have some form of sugar available for the prevention of a hypoglycemic reaction or when a client shows symptoms of low blood sugar, and help client to stay hydrated; monitor blood glucose frequently especially when starting a program; know the signs of hypoglycemia recommendations for working with asthmatics - perform long warm-ups to take advantage of the refractory period; exercise in warm, humid air; avoid intense exercise that causes heavy breathing or keep such workouts short; try sports that involve short bursts of activity, rather than those with continuous activity; breathe through the nose as much as possible; control breathing to prevent hyperventilation. follow daily and pre- exercise medication schedules provided by the physician