Download Intrinsic and Extrinsic Risk Factors for Injury in Personal Training Certification and more Exams Health sciences in PDF only on Docsity!
AFAA personal training certification chapter 10
intrinsic risk factors for injury - muscle imbalance, bony alignment abnormalities, previous injury, obesity, joint laxity, predisposing illness or disease, leg-length discrepancy, restricted ROM/inflexibility, poor core stability extrinsic risk factors for injury - improper or no warm-up, excessive or uncontrolled speed, fatigue, high number of repetitions, high intensity, poor alignment and/or technique, improper footwear, inappropriate progression, environmental factors, confusion between muscle soreness and inappropriate join pain acute injury - has a sudden onset due to a specific trauma chronic injury - aka overuse syndrome, it it the accumulation of repeated episodes of micro trauma that causes disease muscle strain - an over-stretching, overexertion, or overuse of soft tissue, less severe than a sprain, may occur from a slight trauma or unaccustomed repeated trauma sprain - usually caused by a severe stress, stretch, or tear of soft tissues such as ligaments or joint capsules subluxation - an incomplete or partial dislocation that often involves secondary trauma to the surrounding tissue dislocation - the displacement of a bony part of a joint that leads to soft tissue damage, inflammation, pain, and muscle spasm muscle/tendon rip or tear - with a partial tear, pain is felt when the muscle is stretched or contracted against resistance, with a complete tear, the muscle is incapable of working tendinitis - (technically know as tendinosis)-inflammation of a tendon leasing to scarring or calcium deposits synovitis -
inflammation of a synovial membrane, and excessive amount of synovial fluid within a joint is usually caused by trauma bursitis - inflammation of a bursa contusion - bruising from a direct blow, resulting in capillary rupture, bleeding, edema, and inflammation adhesions - abnormal adherence of collagen fibers to surrounding tissues during immobiliation or after an injury, resulting in a loss of normal elasticity contractures - a shortening or tightening of skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsules that prevents normal mobility of that structure joint dysfunction - mechanical loss of normal joint play in synovial joints, usually leading to pain and a loss of function; may be caused by trauma, immobilization, disuse, aging, etc acute (inflammatory) stage - usually lasts 4-6 days, swelling, redness, heat, pain and loss of function are evident subacute (repair and healing) stage - when repair of the injured site begins, may last 14-21 days chronic (maturation and remodeling)stage - a long standing condition with recurring pain episodes often accompanied by dysfunctions resulting from the healing process, begins at 14-21 days and lasts until there is pain free functional use os the afflicted part RICE - rest, ice, compression, and elevation heat therapy - reserved for chronic injuries, it helps to relieve muscle spasm and increases blood flow and flexibility ice therapy - best for acute injuries, reduces swelling, lower tissue temperature, decrease muscle spasm, and slow metabolic activity, avoid using for clients who have reduced skin sensitivity, sickle cell anemia, raynauds syndrome, or peripheral vascular disease, 20 minutes on for every 2 hours common muscle imbalances -
when the spine is in neutral alignment, it should have four curves: a lordotic curve in the cervical region, a kyphotic curve in the thoracic region, a lordotic curve in the lumbar region and a kyphotic curve in the sacral spine forward head syndrome - a common postural misalignment of the cervical spine, characterized by increased flexion of the lower cervical and upper thoracic regions and by increased extension of the upper cervical vertebrae and of the occiput on the first cervical vertebra excessive kyphosis - aka round back, it is the postural deviation most often seen in the thoracic area, characterized by an increased thoracic curve, protracted scapulae and often accompanied by forward head excessive lordosis - aka swayback, it is characterized by an increased lumbosacral angle, increased lumbar lordosis, increased anterior pelvis tilt and hip flexion, may be precipitated by obesity, pregnancy, weak abdominal muscles, and poor body awareness herniated or ruptured disk - usually the result of months or years of cumulative poor body mechanics, a herniated disk occurs when the innermost ring of the annulus fibrosis finally tears or ruptures and the nucleus pulposus presses out onto spinal nerves, potentially causing shooting, disabling pain in the back and legs sacroiliac pain - often seen in clients with significant leg-length discrepancy, overstretched ligaments of the SI joint or weak musculature can lead to instability in the sacroiliac region, leading to discomfort spondylolysis - a stress fracturre of the pars interarticularis, a site where the bone is not fully fused spondylolisisthesis - a forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra on the vertebra immediately below it ankylosing spondylitis - aka rheumatoid arthritis of the spine, it is a painful inflammatory disease in which the bones undergo decalcification and longitudinal ligaments of the spine become rigid, causing the patient to have a stooped, bent posture osteoarthritis - a degenerative joint disease-in the spine it affects two parts of the functional unit: the disk and the facet joints, disks can be damaged and dehydrated, allowing the vertebral bodies to become closer together, the facet joints may begin to bear weight, osteophytes may develop and encroach on the spinal canal
scoliosis - a sideways or lateral curvature of the spine, often congenital, corrective exercises should be prescribed by a physical therapist exercise hazards for the low back - unsupported spinal flexion; unsupported lateral flexion; extreme lumbar hyperextension - overstretches the long ligaments of the spine, leading to loss of spinal stability exercise hazards for the low back - unsupported spinal flexion with rotation- overstretches the long ligaments of the spine, leading to loss of spinal stability, with the additional risk of potential risk herniation exercise hazards for the low back - long-lever traction can produce shearing forces on the spine, leading to ligament overstretch and/or protruding(bulging) disks iliotibial band tendinitis - aka ITB syndrome, it is an overuse injury typically caused by a tight iliotibial band, the band is aggravated by excessive or abnormal rotational movements of the femur and tibia while running or walking piriformis syndrome - a tendinitis of the hip external rotators, which may cause sciatic-like symptoms osteoarthritis - commonly affects the hip as part of the aging process, wearing away of cartilage, bone chipping and fragmentation, and bony spurs may develop in the hip patellofemoral pain syndrome - characterized by chronic anterior knee pain that may include chondromalacia patellae, abnormal lateral tracking of the kneecap describes a lateral subluxation or malposition of the patella, results in increased contact with the lateral femoral condyle, which can leas to articular cartilage softening pain and crepitaiton in the knee patellar tendinitis - an inflammation of the distal patellar tendon due to repetitive stress, tenderness will be felt at the point where the patellar tendon attaches to the tibia, or at an point around the patella ligament injuries - common, especially those involving the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) athletes playing contact sports are at risk of sustaining blows to the knee, or of experiencing excessive torque when tripping or falling meniscus tears - caused by traumatic blows to the knee, rotary forces within the joint and by bending and straightening the knee too far
