Prenatal Development, Infant Behavior, and Brain Growth | Study notes Childhood Development

Vocab Chapter 3,4,5

Chapter 3

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)- a viral infection that destroys the immune system and that

is spread through transfer of body fluids from one person to another; it can be transmitted prenatally.

Age of viability-the earliest age at which the fetus can survive if born prematurely, occurring sometime

between 22 and 26 weeks.

Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder- the least severe form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder,

involving brain injury, but with typical physical growth and absence of facial abnormalities.

Amnion-the inner membrane that encloses the prenatal organism.

Amniotic fluid-the fluid that fills the amnion, helping to keep temperature constant and to provide a cushion

against jobs caused by the mother’s movement.

Blastocyst-the zygote 4 days after fertilization, when the tiny mass of cells forms a hollow, fluid-filled ball.

Chorion-the outer membrane that surrounds the amnion and sends out tiny, fingerlike villi, from which the

placenta begins to develop.

Embryo-the prenatal organism from 2 to 8 weeks after conception- the period when the ground-work is laid

for all body structures and internal organs.

Embryonic disk-a small cluster of cells on the inside of the blastocyst, from which the new organism will

develop.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder(FASD)-a range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes caused by

prenatal alcohol exposure.

 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)- the most severe form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, distinguished by

slow physical growth, facial abnormalities, and brain injury; usually seen in children whose mothers

consumed large amounts of alcohol during most or all of pregnancy.

Fetus-the prenatal organism from the 9th week to the end of pregnancy- the period when body structures

are completed and dramatic growth in size occurs.

Implantation-attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining, which occurs 7-9 days after fertilization.

Lanugo-white, downy hair that covers the entire body of the fetus, helping the vernix stick to the skin.

Neural tube-the primitive spinal cord that develops from the ectoderm, the top of which swells to form the

brain during the period of the embryo.

Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS)-a form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder characterized by facial

abnormalities and brain injury, but less severe than fetal alcohol syndrome; usually seen in children whose

mothers drank alcohol in smaller quantities during pregnancy.

Placenta-the organ that permits exchange of nutrients and waste products between the bloodstreams of

mother and the embryo, while also preventing the mother’s and embryo’s blood from mixing directly.

Rh factor incompatibility-a condition that arises when the fetus’s blood contains the Rh protein but the

mothers’s blood does not, causing the mother to build up antibodies, which, if they return to the fetus’s

system, destroy red blood cells, reducing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues.

Rubella-three-day or German measles; responsible for a wide variety of prenatal abnormalities, especially

when it strikes during the embryonic period.

Teratogen-any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.

Thalidomide-a sedative widely available in the early 1960s that produced gross deformities of the embryo’s

arms and legs when taken by expectant mothers 4 to 6 weeks after conception.

Toxemia-an illness of the last half of pregnancy, also known as preeclampsia, in which the mother’s blood

pressure increases sharply; if untreated, in can cause convulsions in the mother and death of the fetus.

Toxoplasmosis-a parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked meat or through contact with the

feces of infected cats; during the first trimester, it leads to eye and brain damage.

Trimesters-three equal time periods in prenatal development, each lasting three months.

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Vocab Chapter 3,4,

Chapter 3  Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)- a viral infection that destroys the immune system and that is spread through transfer of body fluids from one person to another; it can be transmitted prenatally.  Age of viability- the earliest age at which the fetus can survive if born prematurely, occurring sometime between 22 and 26 weeks.  Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder- the least severe form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, involving brain injury, but with typical physical growth and absence of facial abnormalities.  Amnion- the inner membrane that encloses the prenatal organism.  Amniotic fluid- the fluid that fills the amnion, helping to keep temperature constant and to provide a cushion against jobs caused by the mother’s movement.  Blastocyst- the zygote 4 days after fertilization, when the tiny mass of cells forms a hollow, fluid-filled ball.  Chorion- the outer membrane that surrounds the amnion and sends out tiny, fingerlike villi, from which the placenta begins to develop.  Embryo- the prenatal organism from 2 to 8 weeks after conception- the period when the ground-work is laid for all body structures and internal organs.  Embryonic disk- a small cluster of cells on the inside of the blastocyst, from which the new organism will develop.  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder(FASD)- a range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure.  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)- the most severe form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, distinguished by slow physical growth, facial abnormalities, and brain injury; usually seen in children whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol during most or all of pregnancy.  Fetus- the prenatal organism from the 9th^ week to the end of pregnancy- the period when body structures are completed and dramatic growth in size occurs.  Implantation- attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining, which occurs 7-9 days after fertilization.  Lanugo- white, downy hair that covers the entire body of the fetus, helping the vernix stick to the skin.  Neural tube- the primitive spinal cord that develops from the ectoderm, the top of which swells to form the brain during the period of the embryo.  Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS)- a form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder characterized by facial abnormalities and brain injury, but less severe than fetal alcohol syndrome; usually seen in children whose mothers drank alcohol in smaller quantities during pregnancy.  Placenta- the organ that permits exchange of nutrients and waste products between the bloodstreams of mother and the embryo, while also preventing the mother’s and embryo’s blood from mixing directly.  Rh factor incompatibility- a condition that arises when the fetus’s blood contains the Rh protein but the mothers’s blood does not, causing the mother to build up antibodies, which, if they return to the fetus’s system, destroy red blood cells, reducing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues.  Rubella- three-day or German measles; responsible for a wide variety of prenatal abnormalities, especially when it strikes during the embryonic period.  Teratogen- any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.  Thalidomide- a sedative widely available in the early 1960s that produced gross deformities of the embryo’s arms and legs when taken by expectant mothers 4 to 6 weeks after conception.  Toxemia- an illness of the last half of pregnancy, also known as preeclampsia, in which the mother’s blood pressure increases sharply; if untreated, in can cause convulsions in the mother and death of the fetus.  Toxoplasmosis- a parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked meat or through contact with the feces of infected cats; during the first trimester, it leads to eye and brain damage.  Trimesters- three equal time periods in prenatal development, each lasting three months.

 Trophoblast- the thin outer ring of cells of the blastocyst, which will become the structures that provide protective covering and nourishment to the new organism.  Umbilical cord- the long cord that connects the prenatal organism to the placenta, delivering nutrients and removing waste products.  Vernix- a white, cheeselike substance that covers the fetus, preventing the skin from chapping due to constant exposure to amniotic fluid. Chapter 4  Analgestic- mild pain-relieving drugs  Anesthetic- strong painkillers that block sensation  Anoxia- inadequate oxygen supply.  Apgar Scale- a rating used to assess the newborn baby’s physical condition immediately after birth.  Bonding- parents’ feelings of affection and concern for the newborn’s baby.  Breech position- a position of the baby in the uterus that would cause the buttocks or feet to be delivered first.  Cerebral palsy- a general term for a variety of problems, all involving muscle coordination, that result from brain damage before, during, or just after birth.  Cesarean delivery- a surgical delivery in which the doctor makes an incision in the mother’s abdomen and lifts the baby out of the uterus.  Dilation and effacement of the cervix- widening and thinning of the cervix during the first stage of labor.  Fetal monitors- electronic instrument that track the baby’s heart rate during labor.  Forceps- metal clamps placed around a baby’s head to pull the infant from the birth canal.  Induced labor- a labor started artificially by breaking the amnion and giving the mother a hormone that stimulates contractions.  Infant mortality- the number of deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births.  Natural, or prepared, childbirth- an approach designed to reduce pain and medical intervention and to make childbirth a rewarding experience for parents.  Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)- a test developed to assess the behavior of a newborn infant in terms of reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli, and other reactions.  Neonatal mortality- the number of deaths in the first month of life per 1,000 live births.  Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep- a “regular” sleep state in which the body is quiet and heart rate, breathing, and brainwave activity are slow and regular.  Postpartum depression- feeling of sadness and withdrawal that develop shortly after childbirth and continue for weeks or months.  Preterm infant- infants born several weeks or more before their duedate.  Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep- an “irregular” sleep state in which brain-wave activity is similar to that of the waking state.  Reflex- an infant, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation.  Respiratory distress syndrome- a disorder of preterm infants in which the lungs are so immature that the air sacs collapse, causing serious breathing difficulties.  Rooming in- an arrangement in which the newborn baby stays in the mother’s hospital room all of most of the time.  Small-for-date infant- infants whose birth weight is below normal when length of the pregnancy is taken into account.  States of arousal- different degrees of sleep and wakefulness.  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)- the unexpected death, usually during the night, of an infant younger than 1 year of age that remains unexplained after thorough investigation.

 Marasmus- a disease usually appearing in the first year of life, caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients, that leads to a wasted condition of the body.  Myelination- a process in which neural fibers are coated with an insulating fatty sheath, myelin, that improves the efficiency of message transfer.  Neurons- nerve cells that store and transmit information.  Neurotransmitters- chemicals released by neurons that cross the synapse to send message to other neurons.  Nonorganic failure to thrive- a growth disorder, usually present by 18 months of age, caused by lack of affection and stimulation.  Operant conditioning- a form of learning in which a spontaneous behavior is followed by a stimulus that influences the probability that the behavior will occur again.  Pincer grasp- the well-coordinated grasp that emerges at the end of the first year, involving thumb and index finger opposition.  Prereching- the poorly coordinated, primitive reaching movements of newborn babies.  Proximodistal trend- an organized pattern of physical growth that proceeds from the center of the body outward.  Punishment- in operant conditioning, removal of a desirable stimulus or presentation of an unpleasant stimulus, which decreases the occurrence of a response.  Recovery- following habituation, in increase in responsive to a new stimulus.  Reinforcer- in operant conditioning, a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response.  Shape constancy- perception of an object’s shape as the same, despite changes in the shape projected on the retina.  Size constancy- perception of an object’s size as the same, despite changes in the size of its retinal image.  Skeletal age- an estimate of physical maturity based on development of the bones of the body.  Synapses- the gaps between neurons, across which chemical messages are sent.  Synaptic pruning- loss of connective fibers by seldom-stimulated neurons, thereby returning them to an uncommitted state so they can support future development.  Ulnanr grasp- the clumsy grasp of the young infant, in which the fingers close against the palm.  Unconditional response (UCR)- in classical conditioning, a reflexive response that is produced by an unconditioned stimulus.  Unconditional stimulus (UCS)- in classical conditioning, a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response.

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Vocab Chapter 3,4,