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IMPORTANCE OF FLORICULTURE IN INDIA
Floriculture can be defined as specialized branch of horticulture which deals not only
with cultivation of flowers, foliage plants, climbers, trees, shrubs, succulents etc. but
also their marketing and production of value added products. from them.
INTRODUCTION
India has a long tradition of floriculture. As it is an ancient creative skill with
imagination and advance science, that played a very important role in the course
of human civilization and its social development.
In most part of the country, flower growing is carried out on small holdings and
commercialization of floriculture has assumed importance only in the recent past.
Traditionally flowers have been grown in India in the open fields where they have
been exposed to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Hence the quality is not up to
the standard.
However, in the era of globalization, the produce has to be of international
quality and globally and competitive as there is a lot of demand for different
floricultural products in the export market. The modern floriculture will meet the
above demand of the present day's consumer.
IMPORTANCE OF FLORICULTURE IN INDIA
Besides food and nutritional security. The aesthetic value is also equally
important for our daily livelihood as well as for environmental purity.
Floriculture is important from the following point of view. (a) Economic point of
view
(b) Social point of view.
(c) Aesthetic point of view
ECONOMIC POINT OF VIEW
Floriculture is a fast emerging venture in the world, especially as a potential
money spinner for many countries in the world.
Many flowers and ornamental plants are being grown for domestic as well as for
export market will provide more return per unit area than any other agricultural
or horticultural crops.
Modern day floriculture refers to the production of high value cut flowers such
as rose, gladiolus, carnation, orchids, lilium, tuberose, anthurium, gerbera etc.
Floriculture industry includes following components ;
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IMPORTANCE OF FLORICULTURE IN INDIA

Floriculture can be defined as specialized branch of horticulture which deals not only

with cultivation of flowers, foliage plants, climbers, trees, shrubs, succulents etc. but

also their marketing and production of value added products. from them.

INTRODUCTION

India has a long tradition of floriculture. As it is an ancient creative skill with

imagination and advance science, that played a very important role in the course

of human civilization and its social development.

In most part of the country, flower growing is carried out on small holdings and

commercialization of floriculture has assumed importance only in the recent past.

Traditionally flowers have been grown in India in the open fields where they have

been exposed to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Hence the quality is not up to

the standard.

However, in the era of globalization, the produce has to be of international

quality and globally and competitive as there is a lot of demand for different

floricultural products in the export market. The modern floriculture will meet the

above demand of the present day's consumer.

IMPORTANCE OF FLORICULTURE IN INDIA

Besides food and nutritional security. The aesthetic value is also equally

important for our daily livelihood as well as for environmental purity.

Floriculture is important from the following point of view. (a) Economic point of

view

(b) Social point of view.

(c) Aesthetic point of view

ECONOMIC POINT OF VIEW

  • Floriculture is a fast emerging venture in the world, especially as a potential

money spinner for many countries in the world.

  • Many flowers and ornamental plants are being grown for domestic as well as for

export market will provide more return per unit area than any other agricultural

or horticultural crops.

  • Modern day floriculture refers to the production of high value cut flowers such

as rose, gladiolus, carnation, orchids, lilium, tuberose, anthurium, gerbera etc.

Floriculture industry includes following components ;

1. Production of fresh cut flowers and loose flowers.

2. Production of flowers for essential oil extraction.

3. production of cut foliage.

4. production of planting materials like bulb, corm, tubers, rhizomes etc.

5. production of seasonal Seeds

6. Taking up nursery business

(i) if production of seasonal seedlings

(ii) production of flowering and foliage Plants in polybags.

(iii)production of flowering and foliage plants in pots for instant

decoration. (iv) production of turf.

(v) pot plants for hiring.

(vi) Taking up garden maintenance services.

7. production of day flowers

8. Sale of value added products.

9. production of Plants through tissue culture.

10. High tech floriculture.

11. Taking job as landscape consultant, landscape architecture etc.

12.Taking job as landscape contractors.

13. Door delivery of fresh flowers. presently 145 countries are

involved in flower production on commercial scale.

SOCIAL POINT OF VIEW

  • Flowers symbolize the purity, beauty, peace, love and passion.
  • In our society, no social function is complete without use of flowers. Floral

ornaments, bouquet or flower arrangements are invariably used in all social

functions.

  • used in social gathering, birthday parties, welcoming friends or relatives,

honouring dignitaries.

  • Arrival of newly born is also rejoiced with flowers.
  • To the Indians specially to the hindus, flowers have a much greater significance in

religious offerings. It has been estimated that 30-40% of the total production are

being consumed in kolkata city alone used for worshiping purposes.

AESTHETIC POINT OF VIEW

3. production of flowers for essential oil extraction:-

Cultivation of flower crops for oil extraction is highly remunerative. Essential oils

are widely used for preparation of cosmetics, medicines and in perfume industry.

Flowers like tuberose, jasmine etc. can be successfully cultivated for essential oil

production.

4. production of cut foliage :-

Besides cut flowers, cut foliage of area palm, fishtail palm, bottlebrush, polyalthia,

cycas, fern etc. are also used in the florist's trade for decoration purpose and

preparation of value added products. These can be successfully and profitably

cultivated in addition to flower cultivation.

5. Nursery business:-

There is a greater scope of live foliage and flowering plants in both domestic and

export market.

Similarly production of quality planting materials like flower seeds, bulbs, tubers,

rhizomes etc.

can also be taken up commercially for higher returns.

6. Conservation and exploitation of natural flora:- kewda is one important flower

crop used for essential oil production. The Kewda types found in odisha are

number one in the world so far as the quality is concerned. Availability of natural

kewda plantation, which has not be exploited to a desired level so far, provides an

opportunity for further improvement of Production of quality flower and oil

extraction.

7. Utilization of water bodies for production of aquatic ornamentals :-

Availability of natural water bodies can be suitably utilized for commercial

cultivation of water lily and lotus for which there is a very good demand in

domestic & export market. The inferior indigenous types naturally grown can be

replaced with much demanded improved/hybrid types.

8. Cultivation of flowers for pigment extraction :-

Marigold is another important flower crop mainly grown for production of fresh

loose flowers. Apart from its use as fresh flower, it is also grown in other parts of

the country for production of day flower, which are used in poultry feed to improve

the colour of egg yolk and meat. Besides edible dye is also prepared from it as it is

rich in xanthophyll pigments

R&D NEEDS FOR COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE

  • Collection, conservation and evaluation of germplasm of various flower

crops like rose, tuberose, marigold gladiolus, gerbera, anthuriums and

aquatic ornamentalslike water lily & lotus.

  • Collection, conservation and evaluation of orchid species found in

abundance innature are to be taken up for their further utilization in

breeding work.

  • Systematic crop improvement programme to be carried out for

different flower crops for higher yield, quality and shelf life of flowers.

  • Location specific trials are to be conducted to Standardize agro-

techniques for various flower crops under open field conditions and

agro-techniques with respect to environmental control, and plant

protection of high value modern cutflowers under protected condition.

  • It is required to develop appropriate post harvest management

practices such asstage & method of harvesting, grading, packing,

storage and transport of cut flowers.

  • It is required to standardize proper technologies for drying of flowers

and foliageincluding the indigenous flowers available in the country

  • There is need to standardize viable protocol for in vitro clonal

propagation of highvalue commercial crops.

R. alba ( R. canina × R. damascene) R. multiflora R. giganteana R. foetida

  • Dr. B.P. Pal is credited for pioneering work on rose breeding & developed a no. of varieties, hence he is called as “ Father of Roses in India ”.

Classification

1) Hybrid Tea Rose

  • Developed from crossing between hybrid perpetual & Tea roses.
  • This the most important class of rose.
  • The flower buds of this class are longer & look beautiful.
  • The flowers of this class are slow opening & hence can be kept in vases for a longer time.
  • The flower's stalks are longer.
  • Wide range of colours are available.
  • It bears large & highly scented flowers. Varieties- La France (1st hybrid tea rose) (By Andre Guillot) First Red, Avon, Happiness, Mr. Lincon, Montezuma, pusa sonia, Grand Gala, Super Star, Supriya, Abhisarika, Kiss of Fire, Madhosh, Oklahoma Eiffel Tower, Papa Meilland etc. Hybrid perpetual → cross between R. chinensis, R. gallica & R. centifolia Tea Roses – cross between R. chinensis and R.giganteana 2) Polyantha Rose
  • Polyantha means "many flowered". Greek word Poly- many & anthes- flower.
  • Polyanthas are derived from cross between R. chinensis & R. multiflora.
  • They are generally low growing bushy plants of 18- 2 4 inches in height. They have smart leaves & clusters of small flowers on short stalk.
  • They are available in shades of white, pink, red & orange. Flowers may be single, semi-double or double. Varieties- Anjani, Rashmi, Nartaki, Priti, Swati , etc 3) Floribunda Rose
  • Derived from the cross between Hybrid Tea and Polyantha.
  • Flowers in clusters with small size, open centred but combined with beautiful forms & colours of Hybrid Tea. It is largely used for bedding purpose. Varieties- Iceberg, chitchor, Sadabahar, Bridal pink, Neelambari, Suryakiran, mask red, Charisma, Nav Sadabahar, Paint Box, Delhi princess, Angel Face etc. 4) Grandiflora Rose
  • Developed from cross between Hybrid Tea & Floribunda type. Grandiflora roses are similar to Hybrid Teas in habit and size. They are generally tall plants (around 4-5 ft tall) that present their blooms in clusters, rather than one per stem.
  • They make excellent garden plants & are very popular as cut flower. Varieties- Queen Elizabeth, Octoberfest, Honey dinon, Maria shiver, Earth song, radiant perfume, scarlet knights, etc. 5) Miniature Rose
  • Popularly known as baby roses or button roses with small leaves and small flowers.
  • They arere Hardy and good for pot culture.
  • Used in flower arrangement or as loose flowers. Varieties- Beauty secret, Dark beauty, sweet fairy, baby gold star, silver tip, Bluebird Jainy Williums etc. 6) Climbers and Ramblers
  • Climbers are spontaneous genetic mutations of regular hybrid tea or floribunda roses.
  • Ramblers are hybrids of R. multiflora and R. wichuriana or direct descendants of wild roses.
  • The branches of this roses are soft and spread like climbers.
  • They flower at the end of the branch is in clusters.
  • They are used for raising over the pergola, arches, walls and ground cover etc. Rambler Rose Climber Rose They are vigorous in nature. Medium vigour. Flowers produce in clusters of 7. Clusters of five. Leaves are in a group of 7. Group of five. They flower only once Flower round the year.

Propagation

1) Cutting Propagation of roses by cuttings normally done to raise root stocks for budding. Climbers, ramblers, polyanthus & miniature respond quite well to this method. Hard wood cuttings in case of polyanthus, climbers, ramblers and soft or semi- hard wood cuttings for miniatures are used. Cuttings of 15-20 cm long with 3-4 nodes are collected from healthier plants. Then the cuttings are treated with 100 ppm IAA or IBA , planted in mist chamber for easy and quicker rooting. 2) Budding It is the most popular and successful method for multiplying roses. It provides a large number of plants than cutting as a single shoot of the desired scion bears a number of buds for budding. Seedlings or rootstocks are used for this purpose. T-budding or shield budding is the commercially accepted method for roses Hybrid tea, floribunda and grandiflora roses mainly propagate through budding. Best time for budding in Eastern India- Jan- March Northern India - Dec- Feb In places with mild climate- All the year. When rose plant comes into flowers small swellings are visible between the Stem and the stalk of the leaf. Select the eyes which are plump and not started to elongate or grow. Cut the portions of the branch with the eyes selected is called as bud wood with a budding knife. Remove a shield shaped piece of the bark and the eye. The rootstock should be kept ready by cutting the branches and side shoots which are not required. Make a sharp horizontal cut at a suitable height in the stock and then make a vertical T shaped cut in the stem of the stock. The eyes should be inserted by keeping the eye towards the top and is tied with fibre. Characteristics of a good root stock It should produce strong fibrous root system. It can be easily propagated by cuttings.

It should have vigorous growth habitat, healthy and resistant to pests, diseases and frost. It should have thick bark to hold the bud. It should be free from suckers. It should support the budded plant to survive for a long time. It should withstand a wide range of soils and climatic conditions. Common root stocks

  1. Rosa burboniana ( Have straight and long stem)
  2. R. canina ( Excellent rootstock) (very hardy)
  3. R. indica var-odorata (Resistant to extreme soil conditions)
  4. R. multiflora var- Inermis (Resistant to nematodes) Preparation of beds and pits The beds or pits for planting are prepared at least a month before the date of planting. The preparation of beds maybe taken up during the may or June so that the soil gets a thorough exposure to sun and air and during the rainy season, it gets a chance to settle down before planting. The beds are prepared to a depth of 60 to 75 centimetre. The soil should be pulverised gravel , stones, brick pieces and other foreign materials are to be removed. Pit or trenches are to be made and basal dusting with malathion has to be done. The pit or trench should be filled with a mixture of soil and FYM in 2: ratio. Planting System There are 2 types of planting system commonly followed in rose production viz.;
  • Pit System- 45 Cm³ ( length× breadth× depth)
  • Trench System- Width- 60 - 75 cm, Depth- 30 - 45 cm, Length- As per availability and Path between two trenches- 60 - 90 cm. Planting Season : Planting should be avoided during hot summer and heavy rains.

Under protected structure, the first week watering has to be done with sprinklers 5 to 8 times a day. 3 to 4 weeks after planting drip irrigation system is to be employed for uniform watering. Water requirement of roses is 0.75 to 1 litre/plant/day. Manures and Fertilizers 10 kg FYM along with 65 g urea, 25 g SSP and 50 g of MOP per plant is the recommended dose for rose. Applied in 3 phases i.e.

  1. 15 days after planting.
  2. After first flush of bloom.
  3. After second flush of bloom. Manures and fertilizers are applied at 10-15 cm depth and 20 to 25 centimetre away from the stem. Micronutrients of 20 g MnSo4 + 15 g MgSo4 +10 g FeSo4 + 5 g Boron @ 2g/li of water maybe applied as foliar spray for bright coloured flowers. Oil cakes and bone meal are excellent sources of nitrogen and phosphorus respectively and may be applied after pruning. For liquid fertilizer- Dissolve potassium nitrate @680g, Ammonium Sulphur @340 g and Potassium phosphate @ 170 g in 96 gallon of water and applied @0.5 gallon/plant. Mulching Mulches are used for a number of purposes on rose beds or in green houses. They conserve soil moisture ,suppress weeds and keep the soil cool in summer months. Straw ,sawdust or black polythene sheets are used as mulching material. Weeding Manual wedding is effective. However chemical method is economical, convenient and efficient in eradicating weeds by one or two applications. Application of 2,4- D @ 2kg/ha control broad leaved weeds. Pruning

Pruning is the removal of unwanted and unproductive portions of the plant and make the plant more vigorous and productive. Objective of Pruning

  • To remove the unproductive shoots.
  • Improve the quality of blooms.
  • Bush in desired shape & size.
  • Open up the bush to penetrate sunlight.
  • Rejuvenate the old plants.
  • Facilitate cultural operations. How to Prune?
  • Remove dead, diseased or damaged wood.
  • Remove branches that grow towards the centre of the plant.
  • Remove the weakest cross branch and sucker growth below the bed union.
  • Shape the plant.
  • Make a cut at 45 degree angle ¼ inches above an outward facing bud. Time of Pruning The best time for pruning in rose is the period when the activity of the Rose plant is least and the plant is at dormant to nearly dormant stage. Late pruning delays flowering as well as reduce the production considerably. The most usual time for pruning is during october to november , that is after rain when the cold season is approaching. Method of Pruning
  • 1st^ Year- Cut back the suits to four developed buds remain. Allow the lateral shoots.
  • 2 nd^ Year- Retain All strong shoots and remove weak and diseased shoots. Cut back the strong shoots to four to five buds. 3 rd^ Year - Cut back vigorous shoot to half of its growth. Rejuvenation After 5-6 years the plants are to be rejuvenated. Cut back all the branches at 15- 20 cm from the base. Apply Bordeaux paste over cut ends to prevent diseases.

The flower buds on these bend out shoots have to be removed. This system allows the leaves to continue the production of energy. And that energy will be utilized by the main shoots to bear quality blooms.

  1. BUD CAPPING:- The flower buds are inserted with nylon cap which helps in increasing bud size, avoids damage in transportation and maintains the microclimate in package. PESTS AND DISEASES:- DISEASES:- 1.DIEBACK:- Causal organism:- Diplodia rosarum Symptoms:- Drying of twigs from tip to downwards. Blackening of the twigs. The disease spreads to root and causes complete killing of the plants. It appears in maximum severity following pruning after monsoon. It spreads faster at 30 - 32 degree C and high humidity. CONTROL :- Pruning should be done so that lesions on the young shoots will be eliminated. Apply Bordeaux paste in the pruned area, 2 : Black spot - C.O: Diplocarpon rosae Symptoms:– Spotting & etiolation of the leaves followed by the defoliation and drastic reduction in the size and number of flowers Spots occur mostly on the upper surface of the leaves and rarely on lower surface Spots are dark brown to black in color characteristically radiating dark purplish margin The leaf tissue around the spot or the entire leaflets turns yellow before defoliation Control :-

Remove infected leaves as soon as possible , so the disease won’t spread Prune & discard the shoots that are infected Fungicides like mancozeb , penconazole , chlorothasonil applied upon new leaf emergence or first appearance black spot ,can be used to control this disease 3: Powdery mildew - It is one the widely distributed disease of rose. Powdery mildew is prevalent during October to January south India and December to February in north India. Symptoms are noticed on all the aerial part of the plant including flower buds and glooms Typical white powdery patches are formed on young leaves Infected bud don’t open and the plant vigor is checked It occurs when the temperature is mild and RH is high at night and low during day time Control :- Spraying of wettable sulphur 0.3% at 15 days interval is effective Pest :- 4 :- Aphids 5 :- Thrips 6 :- Spider mite Physiological Disorders :- 1: Blind Shoot :- The normal flowering shoot on a greenhouse rose possesses fully expanded sepals, petals and reproductive parts. The failure to develop a flower on the apical end of the stem is a common occurrence. Such shoots are termed as blind woods or blind shoots. Sometimes the sepals and petals are present but the reproductive parts are absent of aborted. Blind shoot is generally short and thin, but it may attain considerable length and thickness when it develops at the top of the plant. This may be caused by low temperature, insufficient lights, chemical residue, insect, pest, fungal diseases and their factors. 2: Bull heads :-

Loose flowers used for preparing perfumes and various other products, also for worshiping are harvested only when they are fully opened. Harvesting starts 4-5 months after planting. Flowers should be harvested early in the morning or late in the afternoon. Late harvest results in short vase life of cut flowers and low oil content. In greenhouses, for every two hours, flowers can be harvested. The stem cut should always be given above a healthy outward pointing bud with clean & sharp secateurs. Post- harvest handling:- Immediately after cutting the stem should be dipped in clean water up to the neck or base of the flower bud. The delay in keeping the cut flowers in water will leads to entry of air and results in vascular blockage.

  1. Pre-Cooling ● In a cold storage, at the temp of 4.4 to 7.2°C the roses have to be kept immediately after harvesting to remove field heat which enhances the keeping quality of flowers. ● Usually pre-cooling is done for 6-8hrs in winter and 8-12 hrs in summer.
  2. Pulsing ● Treating the cut flowers with 2-4% sucrose solution for 3-4hrs is called pulsing. ● This process makes the cut flower very hardy and turgid to improve the quality of cut flowers, also have less neck bending.
  3. Grading ● The flowers which are in uniform stem length and developing flower buds should be grouped together at the time of cutting and kept them in separate containers. ● For easy handling the basal foliage may be removed upto 20 cm at the time of cutting the flowers. ● It is necessary to dispatch the flowers within 24-30 hrs after harvesting.
  4. Packing

● The graded cut blooms have to be packed in corrugated card board boxes. ● The size of the boxes varies with the quality and quantity of the roses to be packed. ● A box of 100cm length×32.5cm width and 6.5cm height will accommodate 80 roses of 65-70cm long stems. ● The inside area of the box is lined with thin polythene film and very fine newspaper. Moist tissue paper are spread and to end of the box to provide a cushion to the blooms. ● The blooms are generally packed in bundles of 20 each and bundles are tied with rubber band. ● The lower half of the bundle is wrapped with tissue paper and the flower buds are wrapped in a corrugated paper. ● Two bundles are placed opposite to one another all along the length of boxes.

  1. Yield Loose flowers- 7.5 ton/ha Cut flowers- 1st year- 100 - 120 flowers/m.sq 2nd year- 200 - 240 flowers/m.sq 3rd year- 300 - 360 flowers/m.sq.