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AHA PALS EXAM/ KNOWLEDGE TEST EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS – LATEST UPDATE 2024 – RATED A+
How long does the first sensitive period occur for/when is the brain most plastic? ✓ First 1000 days What is epigenetics? ✓ Environmental influences on expression of children's genes What is an epigenome? ✓ Chemical mark that determines how much or little of the genes are expressed What is neuroplasticity? ✓ The brain's ability to reorganise itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. What is an example of neuroplasticity with a stroke? ✓ Isn't permanent, can be relearned When is neuroplasticity more sensitive? ✓ In the younger years What is positive neuroplasticity? ✓ Increase neuron connections ie learn something new What is negative neuroplasticity? ✓ Losing neuron connections, or becoming addicted etc
What is developmental plasticity? ✓ Adapting to different social and physiological environments What are critical periods? ✓ Brief periods in which an organ or system matures What are sensitive periods? ✓ Time windows when effect of experiences on brain development is profound, strongly shapes neural circuits What part of the brain is important in decision making, planning, behaviour, social interactions and self awareness? ✓ Prefrontal cortex What is prefrontal cortex pruning? ✓ Removing unused neural pathways and strengthening used ones during puberty What are gross motor skills? ✓ Building blocks of movement; locomotion, object manipulation, running etc What happens during preschool years? ✓ Rapid physical growth, growing sensory motor skills When does vision rapidly develop, and what is a baby's primary vision interest? ✓ 6 months, human faces What helps a baby who is sensitive to visual input? ✓ Stimulation (can't process)
What are the 4 stages of early language production in babies and the times when these occur? ✓ Cooing (2 months), syllables (3-4 months), reduplicative babbling (6 months), conversational babbling (10 months) Do babies comprehend or produce words first? ✓ Comprehend When do babies first perceive danger? ✓ 6 - 14 months When is object permanence learnt? ✓ 4 - 8 months When can babies maintain head control but only look down? ✓ 2 months When can babies lift head in prone approx. 45 degrees? ✓ 3 months When do babies develop full head control in prone and arm movements? ✓ 4 months How does baby rolling develop? ✓ Whole movement, then segmental What are a baby's transitions towards mobility? ✓ Extend head in prone, legs take load What is the order of sitting for a baby? ✓ Supported sitting, propped sitting, independent sitting What is the difference between crawling and creeping? ✓ Crawling is commando crawling, creeping is typical 'crawling'
What are ACEs? ✓ Adverse childhood experience, traumatic events that alter brain structure/function What are some ACE examples? ✓ Physical, emotional, sexual, divorce, abuse, violence, substance abuse, mental illness etc What are ACEs such as emotional neglect and physical abuse associated with? ✓ Smaller amygdala (fear response, emotions) What are ACEs such as PTSD, depression and emotional neglect associated with? ✓ Smaller hippocampus (memories, emotional response) What are ACEs such as maltreatment-related PTSD associated with? ✓ Smaller prefrontal cortex (planning, personality, decisions, social) and cerebellum (voluntary movements, speech, balance) What is trauma-informed care? ✓ Organisational approach to acknowledge trauma etc What are the 6 principles of trauma informed care? ✓ Safety, trustworthiness/transparency, peer support, collaboration/mutuality, empowerment/voice/choice, cultural/historical/gender issues What are the 6 ICF components? ✓ Body function/structure, health condition, participation, activity, environmental factors, personal factors What Dahlgren-Whitehead model factors are focussed on in this course? ✓ Social and community networks, individual lifestyle factors
On the GROSS MOTOR child development timeline, what is the order of 6-12 months? ✓ Sits independently, moves from prone/supine to sitting, commando crawls, creeps, cruises furniture, stands then steps independently, claps On the GROSS MOTOR child development timeline, what is the order of 1-5 years? ✓ Walks independently/rarely falls/squats, ascends/descends stairs, runs, kick/catches/throws ball, jumps, rides tricyle On the FINE MOTOR child development timeline, what is the order of newborn - 3 months? ✓ Recognises hand, fists open and close On the FINE MOTOR child development timeline, what is the order of 3-6 months? ✓ Ulnar palmar grasp, hands to midline, pass object between hand On the FINE MOTOR child development timeline, what is the order of 6-12 months? ✓ Radial palmar grasp (w/thumb), scissor grasp (lateral pincer), voluntary release, inferior pincer (pads), superior pincer (pinch), differentiated bimanual movement, grasping reflex (palmar and plantar) integrated On the FINE MOTOR child development timeline, what is the order of 1-5 years? ✓ Turn pages/unbutton, scribbles/stacks toys, holds up fingers of age, dresses with help, drinks glass, dial telephone What is attachment theory? ✓ First 12 months = dependent on caregiver for all needs = most important year
What is a secure attachment style? ✓ Caregiver responsive and positive, child distressed when leaves and happy when back and seek comfort What is an insecure-avoidant attachment style? ✓ Caregiver unresponsive/uncaring/dismissive, child not distressed alone, doesn't acknowledge return, doesn't seek contact What is an insecure-ambivalent attachment style? ✓ Caregiver inconsistently responds, child distressed when leaves and not comforted by return What is an insecure-disorganised attachment style? ✓ Caregiver abusive/neglectful/frightening, child not attached but is dazed, confused, apprehensive in presence What are two key features of relationships that facilitate secure attachment? ✓ Intersubjectivity/attunement, rupture/repair What are the 3 attachment cycle steps, 'Circle of Security program'? ✓ Going out, coming in, hands (take charge in kind way) What are the 6 elements of play? Anticipation, surprise, pleasure, understanding, strength, poise What is attunement play? Social exchange establishing connection between newborn and mother
What is associative play? Enjoy company of others, but little organisation What is cooperative play? Interested in people and activity playing with, includes all forms of play except attunement What are the classifications of children's participation in play? Unoccupied 0-3 months, solitary 0-2 years, onlooker 2 years, parallel 2+ years, associate 3-4 years, cooperative 4+ years What are some autism facts? 1 in 100 Australian children, 4:1 male to female; features are social interaction, communication, flexible behaviour Cerebral palsy? 1 in 700, affects movement and posture (umbrella), brain injury not progressive but physical presentation can change Down syndrome? Genetic; intellectual, developmental delay, sequence of development important Developmental hip dysplasia? Abnormal hip development, stiff, different lengths
Perthes disease? Blood supply to head of femur interrupted Childhood obesity? 1 in 5 (2-4 years), 1 in 4 (5-17 years) Cystic fibrosis? A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems. Hemiplegic cerebral palsy? One side brain, affecting other side of body Spastic diplegia CP? Premature babies, injury in part of brain next to fluid filled spaces, leg difficulty, stiffness Spastic quadriplegia CP? Both sides of brain injured, both arms and legs affected Dyskinetic CP? Decrease in oxygen/blood pressure, stiffness in arms/legs
Which direction does brain maturation (size and connections) occur from? Back to front What is neural connectivity? Physical links between areas of brain that share common developmental trajectories What is the prefrontal cortex? Anterior frontal lobe, high neural connectivity, strong connections with limbic/striatal systems What does the limbic system do? Midbrain, emotional/memories formation What does the striatal system do? In cerebral cortex, planning, modulating movement pathways, rewards and novel/intense stimuli What is temporal discounting/invincibility fallacy? Discounts future effects of decision, focus on immediate rewards What is puberty initiated by? Hypothalamus to pituitary gland to increase hormonal secretiion
Primary sex characteristics Reproductive organs Secondary sex characteristics ie breasts, facial hair Puberty landmark for female Menarche, first menstrual flow (11-13) Puberty landmark for male First ejaculation (12-14) Where does most prolific neurological restructuring occur in adolescents? Prefrontal cortex (goal setting, impulse control), and limbic system (emotions/memory) Stage 5 Erikson's model? Identity vs confucion (12-19) Identity diffusion? Yet to experience crisis without clear set of values
How much screen time for 2-5/sedentary? No more than 60 mins at a time sedentary/60 mins screen time per day How much screen time/sedentary 5-17? No more than 120 mins a day, brea, up long sitting times How much strength for 2-5 year olds? None How much strength for 5-17 year olds? 3 times a week Risk factors of disability-adjusted life years for adolescents? Processed food, BMI, iron deficiency Insomnia? 9 - 15% Why does circadian cycle change? Brain structure/organisation, environmental demands REM?
Rapid eye movement, mental function ie memory/concentration NREM? Non-rapid eye movement, 4 different stages (deep sleep, physiological growth/recovery) Lack of sleep impacts? Attention, memory, mood, judgement, physical condition Sleep hygiene? Bed same time, remove screens, avoid large meals, quiet/dark, avoid caffeine, physical activity, cycle, bright light, limit napping Psychological stress? Young people, females 2x likely in adolescence, more ATSI What is anxiety? Excessive/dysfunctional anxiety in absence of danger Anxiety interventions? CBT, community based activities, internet-based prevention/treatment programs Vascular changes associated with diet?
Symptoms of stress? Adrenaline, blood pressure, heart rate, blood redistributed, thicker blood, muscle tension, clamminess Motivational interviewing? A collaborative, person-centered form of guiding to elicit and strengthen motivation for change (client ideas + own ideas) 4 processes of motivational interviewing? Engaging, focusing, evoking, planning Models of health behavioural change? Social cognitive theory, self-regulation theory, health belief model, theory of planned behaviour (theory of reasoned behaviour), relapse prevention, transtheoretical model (stages of change model) Social cognitive theory? Predicts and explains behaviour changes - social context (foundation of other models) Self-regulation theory? From SCT, individual's self-generated thoughts/feelings/actions designed to affect learning via feedback (biological, stress, emotional, cognitive, social) Health belief model? Perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers
Theory of planned behaviour (reasoned action)? Behaviour beliefs + normative belief + perceived control belief = behaviour Relapse prevention model? ie motivational interviewing, helps change behaviours Transtheoretical model/Stages of change model? Pre contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, new norm 10 processes of change? Consciousness-raising, dramatic relief, self reevaluation, environmental reevaluation, self liberation, social liberation, counter conditioning, contingency management, stimulus control, healthy relationships (also decisional balance, self efficacy, temptation) Cognitive behavioural techniques? Addresses unhelpful thoughts/behaviours, adopt healthy lifestyle, applied to mental health conditions/addictions/eating disorders etc Acceptance and commitment therapy? Accept what is out of your control and commit to QoL, draw on mindfulness Aboriginal "Dance of Life" model?
