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AHN 572 Cardiology I Test graded AAHN 572 Cardiology I Test graded A
Typology: Exams
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eruptive xanthomas red-yellow papules on butt when triglycerides > 1000 lipidema retinalis white vessels seen with opthalmoscope when triglycerides > 2000 Hemoglobin A1c _____ is closely tied with elevated triglycerides (normal is < 5.7, goal is < 7) a. < 200 b. < 150 c. < 100 d. > 40 desired values are: a. Total cholesterol b. VLDL (for triglycerides) c. LDL d. HDL a. < 150 b. < 70 c. > 40
desired values for DM and CAD patients: are: a. total cholesterol , b. LDL c. HDL cholesterol and triglycerides Two main lipids LDL The higher the _____, the greater the risk for heart disease. 10% and 10% For men, a 10 mg increase in LDL = a? % increase in the risk for death and a 5 mg increase in HDL = a? % decrease in the risk for death 60-70% LDL = is what % of total cholesterol Asians cholesterol is higher in what ethnicity? diabetes and ETOH abuse
vitamin c, pecans, and plant sterols (all high in antioxidants) will help to reduce ____? A. 7.5 percent or higher B. a cardiovascular event (heart attack, stroke, stable or unstable angina, peripheral artery disease, transient ischemic attack, or coronary or other arterial revascularization). C. bad cholesterol (190 mg/dL or higher). D. Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes ACC/AHA guidelines say to treat the following: A. People without cardiovascular disease who are 40 to 75 years old and have a ________ risk for having a heart attack or stroke within 10 years. B. People with a history of ______. C. People 21 and older who have a very high level of D. People with what disorder who are 40 to 75 years old. cholesterol; LDL statins inhibit an enzyme of ______; also lead to more uptake of ____ by liver cells 50% high intensity statins lower LDL by ____ %(atorvastatin 40-80 mg; rosuvastatin 20-40 mg) 30-50% moderate intensity statins lower LDL ___ - ____% (atorvastatin 10-20 mg; rosuvastatin 5-10 mg; simvastatin 20-40 mg, pravastatin 40-80 mg; lovastatin 40 mg)
liver enzymes monitor ____with statins pancreatitis triglycerides >1000 = risk for _____ A. 102 cm; 88 cm B. 150 C. 40; 50 D.130/ E. 110 metabolic syndrome is diagnosed when 3 out of 5 are present: A. waist circumference > _____ for men and ____ for women B. triglycerides >____ C. HDL < ___ for men and < ____for women D. BP > _____ E. BG > ____ Myocardial ischemia ______ _______ is a frequent cause of cardiac chest pain and is usually described as dull, aching, or as a sensation of "pressure," "tightness," "squeezing," or "gas," rather than as sharp or spasmodic.
physical finding during angina can include a ____ rhythm and an _____ _____ murmur due to transient mitral regurgitation from papillary muscle dysfunction- present during pain only. horizontal or downsloping ST-segment depression During anginal episodes, as well as during asymptomatic ischemia, the characteristic ECG change is ______ or _____ ST-segment ______. that reverses after the ischemia disappears. STEMI Physical finding findings with a ______ include: anxiety and sometimes profuse sweating, heart rate may range from marked bradycardia (most commonly in inferior infarction) to tachycardia, low cardiac output, or arrhythmia. LV during a STEMI, Atrial gallops (S4) are significant for ____ dysfunction. prolonged HyperK: P wave is _____ Widened HyperK: QRS is _____ tall HyperK: T wave is ____
HyperK: Decreased vent. depolarization and Slow ___ conduction U wave HypoK: ___ wave is present PVCs, A flutter, bradycardia HypoK: arrhythmias? Bradycardia HypoK: what rate issue? AV block HypoK: ___ Block digitalis toxicity HypoK: Potentiated effects of ____ ____ (med) Bradycardia- related to increased myocardial contractility HyperCa: Common arrhythmia?
T wave HypoMg: ____ wave is flat SVT Torsades V. arrhythmia HypoMg: common arrhythmia include ____, ____ & _____ Hypomagnesemia Disturbance of what electorate can cause coronary and systemic vasospasm? summation gallop _____ _____ is the presence of all heart sounds (S1, S2, S3,S4). Always a pathologic finding highly suggestive of a MI. Aortic Regurgitation and Pulmonic Regurgitation Early diastolic murmurs are caused from incompetently closed semilunar valves and involve which two murmurs? Aortic Regurg _____ murmur:
You hear a growling and harsh murmur in the 2nd ICS right sternal border after S1. You know this murmur is _____. A. Aortic Regurgitation B. Aortic Stenosis C. Pulmonic Regurgitation D. Pulmonic Stenosis D. Pulmonic Stenosis ______ murmur is medium-pitch and is auscultated in the 2nd ICS left sternal border after S1. A. Aortic Regurgitation B. Aortic Stenosis C. Pulmonic Regurgitation D. Pulmonic Stenosis mitral regurgitation; ruptured papillary muscles A patient is recovering from an acute MI. You discover a new holosystolic murmur heard loudest at the left 5th ICS midclavicular line that radiates to the left axillae. You identify this murmur as _________ and suspect ________? PVD Swelling and tenderness over muscles, engorged superficial veins, and brown discoloration of the lower extremities is suggestive of ____? a. no b. >.
3rd degree block: a. Dropped beat (yes or no?) b. PR interval is ____ c. R- R is ____ (equal or unequal) V1 & V RBBB R-R' Seen in what Leads? V5 & V LBBB R-R' Seen in what Leads? Hypertension _________ in African Americans has earlier onset and greater prevalence, is harder to control, and is associated with far more end-organ damage African American and Hispanic Financial barriers are also much more likely in _____ & _____ cardiac patients and are strongly associated with persistent angina and rehospitalization 30 min; 90 min MI or new BBB treat within: ED door to fibrolytics _____ ED door to angioplasy _____
Unstable Angina Lasts > 30 minutes, may occur at rest or with activity, pattern usually progresses with increased frequency, duration, intensity, may radiate, EKG may show ST depression, Nitrates usually insufficient to relieve pain. Stable Angina Intermittent, usually induced by exercise, exertion, stress, usually lasts 1-5 min. (max of 10-20 min), may radiate, EKG may show ST depress. (ischemia), relieved with rest or Nitro or both. Prinzmetals Variant Coronary artery spasm, up to 30min, at rest, EKG usually shows ST ELEVATION CCB treat Prinzmetals Variant with? Manage with ACS protocol treat Unstable Angina with? controlled with lifestyle changes, nitrates, B Blockers, or CCB treat Stable Angina with?
______ ______ cause unknown; probably obesity, ETOH, smoking, NSAIDs Secondary HTN _____ _____ - causes include Estrogen (contraceptives/HRT), renal disease, pregnancy, sleep disorders, endocrine disorders (pheochromocytoma), or isolated with aging (SBP more important over age 50) Thiazide diuretics 1st line treatment of HTN ACEI and ARBS what two classes of BP lowering meds cannot be taken concurrently? ACEI or ARBs 1st line HTN treatment in patient with DM or CHF? PAD Risk factors for this disorder include DM, smoking, and CAD? pain (intermittent claudication to calf/thigh/buttock) pallor, pulse (absent/diminished) paresthesia paralysis poikilothermia
the 6 Ps of PAD?
