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Airport Certification Manual (ACM) ✔Ans✔ methods airport management can use to ensure airport safety and efficiency Safety Management System (SMS) 4 Elements ✔Ans✔ 1. Safety Policy
- Safety Risk Management
- Safety Assurance
- Safety Promotion Safety Policy ✔Ans✔ communicates managements commitment to safety, defines methods, practices and organizational structure to meet safety goals Safety Risk Management (SRM) ✔Ans✔ risk identification, assessment, mitigation and tracking are the principle methods for enhancing or increasing an airport's safety record Safety Assurance ✔Ans✔ assesses whether safety objectives are being met Safety Promotion ✔Ans✔ create a safety culture Accountable Executive (AE) ✔Ans✔ responsible for SMS processes Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 139 - Certification of Airports ✔Ans✔ rules governing certification and operation of airports, ensure safety in air transportation by regulating the operation and maintenance of airports with scheduled and air carrier operations. Includes for example: safety and maintenance standards, accident prevention measures; snow and ice plan; signs, marking and lighting plan; wildlife; Airport Emergency Plan, ARFF, safety area enhancements Airport Operating Certificate (AOC) ✔Ans✔ issued to commercial service airports enplaning more than 2,500 or more passengers annually when it passes FAA safety inspection, inspections then conducted annually and any other time announced or unannounced
Airports reqired operating certificates ✔Ans✔ 1. Scheduled or unscheduled air carrier aircraft with more than 30 seats
- Scheduled Air Carrier operations with more than 9 but less than 30 seats Airport Certification Manual (ACM) ✔Ans✔ Part 139 compliance is obtained by an airport developing an FAA approved ACM resulting in being issued an Airport Operating Certificate (AOC) Part 139 Large Air Carrier Aircraft ✔Ans✔ at least 31 seats Part 139 Small Air Carrier Aircraft ✔Ans✔ designated for more than 9 and less than 31 seats Class I Airport ✔Ans✔ Serves all types of scheduled operations of air carrier aircraft Class II Airport ✔Ans✔ Small Scheduled and Unscheduled Large Air Carrier Aircraft Class III Airport ✔Ans✔ Scheduled Small Air Carrier Operations Class IV Airport ✔Ans✔ Unscheduled Large Air Carrier aircraft Alaskan Airports ✔Ans✔ exempt from certification for air carrier aircraft with less than 30 seats Limitations (Airport Operating Certificate) ✔Ans✔ identify unusual operational characteristics ie. spevific runway or load bearing weight restrictions. Limiting not frequently encountered Exemptions ✔Ans✔ provide relief from particular regulatory requirements. Few exemptions are granted
Concrete ✔Ans✔ rigid. poured in slabs that require seams to allow for expansion, higher cost, can withstand higher aircraft loads, resists weathering and fuel or oil spills Preventative Maintenance ✔Ans✔ Pavement life is dependant on it, part of Pavement Management System, regular/recurring work to sustain it, engineered for 20 year structural life Part 139 Daily Insection Requirement ✔Ans✔ of airport pavement in the Movement Area. In addition, periodic maintenance inspections should be conducted at least twice per year. Inspection must occur before daily flights begin and again at night if airport has night air carrier operations Pavement Condition Index ✔Ans✔ industry standard for qualifying airfield pavements Pavement Management Programs (PMP) or Airport Pavement Management Systems (APMS) ✔Ans✔ create procedures for scheduled maintenance and rehabilitation, projects rate of deterioration therefore assist in planning maintenance at optimal time 2 Pavement Deterioration Causes ✔Ans✔ 1. Environmental-weather & aging
- Structural-repeated loads ACN/PCN (Aircraft Classification Number/Pavement Classification Number) ✔Ans✔ standardized International pavement rating system. Applies to pavements with bearing strengths of 12,500 lbs or higher PCN ✔Ans✔ relative bearing strength of an airport pavement ACN ✔Ans✔ relative effect ofan aircraft on the pavement Pavement Friction Measurement ✔Ans✔ operators ofairport with jet traffic should conduct annual friction evaluation, more often depending on aircraft type using airport
2 types of friction measuring equipment ✔Ans✔ 1. Decelerometors (DEC)
- Continuous Friction Measuring Equipment (CFME)-provide continuous graphic record of the pavement surface friction for every 1/3 of the runway, performed at 40-60mph Decelerometers ✔Ans✔ vehicle performs stop-starts at 20mph at 9 points on runway Runway Condition Assessment Matrix (RCAM) ✔Ans✔ Takeoff and Landing Performance Assessment (TALPA) ✔Ans✔ Part 139 Unpaved Areas ✔Ans✔ used for takeoffs, landing and taxiing Runway Lighting ✔Ans✔ High Intensity Runway Lights (HIRL), Medium Intensity Runway Lights (MIRL), Low Intensity Runway Lights (LIRL) operated by pilot keying microphone Runway Edge Lights ✔Ans✔ White, last 1/2 or 2,000' whichever is less on instrument runways are yellow Runway Centerline Lights ✔Ans✔ White, on a precision approach runway the alternate red and white the last 3,000' of runway. at 1,000' remaining runway they switch to all red. Taxiway Edge Lights ✔Ans✔ Blue Taxiway Centerline Lights ✔Ans✔ Green Taxiway Lead-on Lead-off Lights ✔Ans✔ alternate green and yellow Threshold Lights ✔Ans✔ split lense, end of runway is red. start of runway is green
Visual Glideslop Indicators ✔Ans✔ indicate pilot's angle of approach to prevent over or under shooting the runway, white too high, red too low, two red and two white on glidepath Pulsed - Light Visual Approach Slope Indicator (PVASI or PLASI) ✔Ans✔ glideslope lighting often used at heliports, red strobe if too high or white on path Tri-color Visual Approach Slope Indicator (TRCV) ✔Ans✔ red, white or green steady light Approach Path Alignment Panels (APAP) ✔Ans✔ used at some GA airports. middle panel raised and staggered from edge panels. when on gludepath panels line up Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) ✔Ans✔ Four lights parallel to runway in pairs, one unit 800' from threshold the other 1,200', being phased out by less expensive PAPIs Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) ✔Ans✔ has either 2 or 4 lights with split red and white lenses, installed in a row perpendicular to the runway Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL) ✔Ans✔ located at each corner of runway threshold, provide synchronized flashing to identify the end of the runway ✔Ans✔ Omni Directional Approach Lights (ODAL) ✔Ans✔ seven sequential flashing lights installed off approach end of runway Mandatory Sign ✔Ans✔ white with red background, must have clearance before proceeding, used for runways and no entry signs Location Signs ✔Ans✔ yellow with black background-taxiway or runway where located, black with yellow background-Runway Safety Area (RSA). Obstacle Free Zone (OFZ) and ILS critical area
Directional Signs ✔Ans✔ black with yellow background and contain an arrow, taxiway or runway leaving or direction of taxiway route Destination Signs ✔Ans✔ black with yellow background,, point toward location on airport rather than route ie. APRON, FUEL, TERM Special Information Signs ✔Ans✔ black with yellow background for noise abatement. Runway distance markers located outside of runway safety area are white with black background 4 Pavement Marking Categories ✔Ans✔ 1. Runway
- Taxiway
- Holding Position
- Others Type of markings are determined by type of approach to runway. Common to all runways: centerline, designator, and hold indications Non-precision Instrument Runway Includes ✔Ans✔ threshold and aiming point markers in addition to markings common to all runways: centerline, designator, and hold indications Precision Instrument Runway Includes ✔Ans✔ all included for non-precision approach plus touchdown zone stripes and runway side stripes Runway stripe color ✔Ans✔ white except hospital heliport is red Taxiway centerline color and holding position indicators ✔Ans✔ Yellow Glass beads and black outlines ✔Ans✔ required for certain markings to improve visibility
VOR Ground Checkpoint ✔Ans✔ yellow circle with white circle inside with a yellow arrow pointing to VOR station, also black sign with yellow background gives VOR station information and may also list DME information Closed Runway/taxiways ✔Ans✔ Yellow X Land and Hold Short Operations ✔Ans✔ double yellow bar and double dashed bar at hold short point and has white sign with red background runway sign Inspection of Markings, Signs and Lighting ✔Ans✔ Part 139 Airports implement enhanced taxiway centerline markings and surface painting holding positions at runway entrances Markings Inspections ✔Ans✔ inspect for correct coloring, peeling, blistering, chipping, fading, obscured location or positioning, new markings are correct and reflectivity during darkness Signs ✔Ans✔ readable, correct color, no missing panels, damage or fading and properly illuminated at night Lighting ✔Ans✔ Operable with no vegetation or foreign materials interfering with illumination, function properly, proper alignment, aiming, intensity changes, height, erosion around bases and height of frangibility Vehicle Runway Markings ✔Ans✔ similar to highway markings, solid white boundary, dashed white centerline Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (SMGCS) ✔Ans✔ low visibility taxi plan that have scheduled carrier T/O and landing in vis less than 1,200 RVR. Inspections should be performed on each element of the airports SMGCS Compass Rose ✔Ans✔ magnetic headings painted on surface for aircraft to pull up on and calibrate magnetic compass
segmented circlel ✔Ans✔ visually assist pilots in determining traffic pattern Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) ✔Ans✔ report deficiencies that could impact safety of aircraft, temporary notifications - if conditions continue they need to be published on aeronautical charts or other publications National Flight Data Center ✔Ans✔ management responsibility for NOTAM system Civil NOTAMS ✔Ans✔ any NOTAM that is not a Military NOTAM FDC NOTAMS (Flight Data Center) ✔Ans✔ regulatory in nature ie. changes to instrument approaches and charts, the ATC system, airspace, temporary flight restriction, TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTION (TFR)-airspce restriction for a particular event ie. President visit Military NOTAMS ✔Ans✔ pertains to military airports that are not part of the National Airspace System Center Area NOTAMS ✔Ans✔ an FDC NOTAM that is filed for more than one airport and filed under the Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) ie. TFRs, airway changes and laser light activity NOTAM (D) ✔Ans✔ locally issued NOTAM, includes (U) NOTAMS-unverified, and (O) NOTAMS-other beneficial aeronautical information, limitations of ARFF equipment, lighting and navaid outages. Airport management is responsible for issuing NOTAMs FICON NOTAMS (Field Condition) ✔Ans✔ subset of NOTAM D, report airfield condition NOTAM Topic Areas ✔Ans✔ 1. movement areas
- lighting aids
- air navigation aids
- communications
- services
Multi-function Equipment (MFE) ✔Ans✔ provide ability to blade, broom, air blast and apply material ARFF Index Requirement ✔Ans✔ Part 139 identifies the level of emergency capability. index is bases on longest aircarrier aircraft with an average of 5 or more departures per day, lowest index is "A", highest is "E" Primary ARFF Responsibility ✔Ans✔ create a path for the evacuation and/or rescue of passengers and crew Secondary ARFF Responsibility ✔Ans✔ extinguish or neutralize the fire, once fire is extinguished ARFF assist survivors ARFF Performance requirement ✔Ans✔ first responding ARFF equipment must be able to reach the mid-point of the furthest air carrier runway on the airfield and begin applying agent in 3 minutes, equipment must be available 15 minutes prior to first arrival until 15 minutes after departure Class I Full scale ✔Ans✔ must be performed every 3 years with tabletop on other years, Drills should follow guidance from the HOMELAND SECURITY and EVALUATION PROGRAM (HSEEP) and FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY (FEMA) Daily ARFF Inspections ✔Ans✔ Part 139 requirement capabilities must comply with the Airport Certification Manual HAZMAT vs Fuel ✔Ans✔ HAZMAT-material shipped as air cargo Fuel-fuels, lubricants, etc. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) ✔Ans✔ proposes guidelines that FAA accepted standards for HAZMAT Fire Triangle ✔Ans✔ oxygen, heat and ignition source (flash point). Remove one and fire will extinguish
Combustible vs Flammable ✔Ans✔ Flash point-when vapors given off form an ignitable mixture Combustible-flash point above 100F (Jet A) Flammable-flash point below 100F (Avgas) Surface Incident ✔Ans✔ unauthorized or unapproved movement within the movement area (excluding runway) or operation that could affect the safety of flight Runway Incursion ✔Ans✔ incorrect presence of aircraft, vehicle or person on a runway 4 Categories of Runway Incursions ✔Ans✔ Category A - Serious Incident-collision narrowly avoided Category B - Seperation Decrease-potential for collision where response is needed to avoid collision Category C - Ample time and/or distance to avoid- Category D - Incorrect presence of a single vehicle/person/aircraft on the protected area - no immediate safety consequence Runway Incursion Responsible parties ✔Ans✔ ATC-"operational" error, Pilot Deviation and Vehicle/Pedestrian Deviation Annual Driver Training ✔Ans✔ Required for individuals who routinely operate in the movement area, recommended for drivers in the non-movement area Wildlife Hazard Mangement Plan (WHMP) ✔Ans✔ majority of bird strikes occur below 600', wildlife becomes a hazard when potential for a damaging aircraft collision on or near an airport exsists or when conditions attract wildlife to the vicinity of the airport Wildlife Hazard Assessment (WHA) ✔Ans✔ Required by FAR Part 139 when certain wildlife events occur on or near airport
- Air carrier experiences multiple bird strikes
- Air carrier experiences substantial damage from wildlife
- Air carrier experiences engine ingestion of wildlife
- Wildlife size or number is capable of causing an accident
The Stafford Act ✔Ans✔ Elected officials of communities that own and operate an airport are legally responsible for ensuring that necessary and appropriate actions are taken to protect people and property from the consequences of emergencies and disasters. Publuc facilities (ie. airports) that who desire federal must have an emergency plan. plans encompass any public facility AEP Purpose ✔Ans✔ 1. delegation of authority
- assignment of responsibilities
- coordination of efforts of responding personnel
- orderly transition between normal and emergency operationsp 4 AEP Sections ✔Ans✔ 1. Basic plan
- Functional Annexes
- Hazard specific sections
- Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Basic Plan ✔Ans✔ overview of airports emergency response organization Functional Annexes ✔Ans✔ plans organized around broad tasks or wide scale operations Hazard Specific Sections ✔Ans✔ additional information in support of a particular hazard SOPs and Checklists ✔Ans✔ detailed instructions needed by an individual or organization to fulfill responsibilities assigned in the AEP NIMS Training ✔Ans✔ individuals involved in emergency response roles must complete NIMS Incident Command System (ICS)100, 200 and 700 Emergency Plan Critical Elements ✔Ans✔ 1. Command-act in authority (ICS is single command or Unified Command-responding agencies work together)
- Control-emergency is resolved without duplication of services
- Communications-transmitting and receiving information without delay Incident Commander (IC) ✔Ans✔ responsible for managing the equipment and personnel of all responding units including mutual aid companies IC additional responsibilities ✔Ans✔ scene safety, liaison, dissemination of information larger incidents these responsibilities will be assigned to additional individuals, at large incidents Unified Commmand may be used Operations function ✔Ans✔ personnel who carry out necessary actions to respond to emergency-this is a FEMA term not, not necessarily the Airport Operations department personnel ie. police, fire, EMS Planning ✔Ans✔ incidents of long duration, coordinates the collection, evaluation, dissemination, and use of information regarding the incident also develops the Incident Action Plan (IAP) Logistics ✔Ans✔ facilities, personnel, equipment, and material in support of the incident Finance/Adminstration ✔Ans✔ track all incident costs, Emergency Phases ✔Ans✔ 1. Response
- Investigation
- Recovery Alert I (Local Standby) ✔Ans✔ an aircraft is known or suspected to have an operational defect that should not normally cause serious difficulty in achieving a safe landing. no response is required. Response units will standby in their quarters Alert II (Full Emergency) ✔Ans✔ an aircraft is known or suspected to have an operational defect that affects normal flight and there is danger of an accident. all units respond to pre-designated positions
✔Ans✔ terminal and landside do not have equivalent to Part 139 but are subject to TSA Primary role of airport ✔Ans✔ safe and efficient operations of aircraft Primary Role of Terminal ✔Ans✔ keep people and vehicles moving safely and efficiently 5 touch points airport executives can positively influence passenger experience ✔Ans✔ 1. Physical- airport layout and design
- Subliminal-feel of the airport
- Human-interactions with staff
- Procedural-processes ie. checkpoint, ticketing, bag claim
- Communication-website, brochures, signs External Customers ✔Ans✔ passengers, visitors, employees buying items at airport and people doing business with airport Internal Customers ✔Ans✔ employees or businesses receiving services from employees or departments of same organization Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) ✔Ans✔ components required to operate an UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) ✔Ans✔ actual vehicle that flies Part 107-Operation and Certification of Small Unmanned Aircraft ✔Ans✔ Part 101 for Hobbyists Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV) ✔Ans✔ pilot at remote sight pilots a RPV, UAVs can be piloted or programmed Drone ✔Ans✔ purist definition-flies in a dull monotonous manner ie. target drone, drone has become accepted name for UAVs
Classes of UASs ✔Ans✔ 1. Public-operated by or on behalf of US Government
- Civil-commercial or other operations
- Model Aircraft-drone less than 55lbs used by hobbyist UAV operation requirements ✔Ans✔ 1. Fly below 400'
- maintain visual sight of
- remain clear of manned aircraft
- do not fly within 5 miles of an airport without contacting ATC
- Do not fly near people or stadiums
- no aircraft over 55lbs.
- do not be careless or reckless or endanger people Remote Pilot Airmen Certificate-Part 107 ✔Ans✔ allows operations of drones less than 55 lbs without a Certificate of Authorization (COA) if operator passes aeronautical knowledge test ICAOs Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) ✔Ans✔ states (countries) can ignore ICAO so safety standards are inconsistent worldwide Aviation Security and Transportation Act of 2091 (ATSA) ✔Ans✔ created TSA transferring civil aviation security from the FAA to TSA, TSA responsible for screening passengers, regulatory requirement remains that airlines inspect passengers, bags and cargo , Airlines are required to allow TSA or equivalent to perform checks Federal Security Director (FSD) ✔Ans✔ each airport has a FSD assigned to it FSDs duties ✔Ans✔ 1.Service-screening
- Regulatory-airport/aircraft compliance inspections, approve airport security programs, canine program and internal investigations
- Administrative-staff, budget, HR, PR
