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Important Name Reactions of Chemistry in
Class 12th CBSE and ISC Board
INDEX
- Sandmeyer Reaction
- Gattermann Reaction
- Balz-Schiemann Reaction
- Finkelstein Reaction
- Swartz Reaction
- Wurtz Reaction
- Fitting Reaction
- Wurtz - Fittig Reaction
- Kolbe's Reaction
- Reimer- Tiemann Reaction
- Rosenmund Reduction
- Gattermann - Koch Reaction
- Stephen Reaction or Stephen Reduction
- Clemmensen Reduction
- Wolff - Kishner Reduction
- Haloform Reaction (Iodoform Reaction)
- Aldol Condensation
- Cannizzaro Reaction
- Friedel - Crafts Reaction
- Grignard Synthesis
- Esterification Reaction or Fischer Esterification
- Williamson Synthesis
- Diazotisation Reaction
- Etard Reaction
- Hell - Volhard Zelinsky Reaction
- Decarboxylation Reaction
- Hofmann Bromide Reaction
- Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis
- Coupling Reaction
- Carbylamine Reaction
1. SANDMEYER REACTION
The DIAZONIUM (C 6 H 5 N 2 Cl) is prepared by treating ice cold solution of ANILINE (C 6 H 5 NH 2 ) in excess of dilute HCl with an aqueous solution of NaNO 2 at low temperature (0-5)°C and the reaction is known as DIAZOTIZATION REACTION. BROMO and CHLORO ALKANES can be prepared by treating a freshly prepared DIAZONIUM SALT with CUPPEROUS BROMIDE or CUPPEROUS CHLORIDE and this reaction is called as SANDMEYER REACTION.
2. GATTERMANN REACTION
This Reaction is same as SANDMEYER REACTION. But the only difference between both of them is that here we use COPPER POWDER (Cu) in the presence of HCl/HBr , and in SANDMEYER REACTION we use Cu 2 Cl 2 /Cu 2 Br 2 as catalyst.
6. WURTZ REACTION
ALKYL HALIDE/HALOALKANE react with metallic SODIUM in the presence of DRY ETHER to form ALKANE containing double the no. of CARBON atom as present in parent ALKYL HALIDE.
7. FITTIG REACTION
Aryl Halides prepared with Sodium (Na) in dry ether to give analogous compounds where two aryl groups joined.
8. WURTZ-FITTIG REACTION
When a mixture of Alkyl Halide and Aryl Halide gets treated with sodium in dry ether, we get an Alkyl Arene.
9. KOLBE-SCHMITT REACTION
SODIUM PHENOXIDE (C 6 H 5 ONa) when heated with CARBON DIOXIDE (CO 2 ) at 400 Kelvin under a pressure of (4-7)atm followed by acidification gives 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYLIC ACID) as the main product. This Reaction is called KOLBE’S REACTION.
10. REIMER TIEMANN REACTION
When PHENOL (C 6 H 5 OH) reacts with CHLOROFORM (CHCl 3 ) in the presence of NaOH (SODIUM HYDROXIDE), a CHO group is introduced at ortho position of the Ring. This Reaction is known as REIMER TIEMANN REACTION.
14. CLEMMENSEN REDUCTION
Aldehyde and Ketone are reduced to corresponding hydrocarbon when they are reacted with a mixture of Zinc Mercury Alloy and Concentrated HCl. This reaction is called as Clemmensen Reduction.
15. WOLFF - KISHNER REDUCTION
Carbonyl group of Aldehydes and Ketones on treatment with Hydrazine which on heating with Potassium Hydroxide in high boiling solvent (ethylene glycol) reduced to CH 2 group.
17. ALDOL CONDENSATION
In this Reaction two Molecules of an ALDEHYDE or a KETONE condense in presence of a Dilute ALKALI ( Dilute NaOH, Na 2 CO 3 , Ba(OH) 2 etc.) to form a -hydroxyaldehyde or -hydroxyketone resp. These -hydroxyaldehydes or ketones are collectively called ALDOLS.
18. CANNIZZARO REACTION
ALDEHYDES which do not contain a – hydrogen atom when treated with concentrated ALKALI SOLUTION (NaOH) undergo disproportionation reaction , i.e. self-Oxidation/Reduction. As a result one molecule is oxidized to CARBOXYLIC ACID and another molecule is reduced to ALCOHOL.
27. HOFMANN BROMIDE REACTION
When a Primary AMIDE is treated with an Aqueous or Alcoholic NaOH (SODIUM HYDROXIDE) or KOH (POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE) solution and BROMINE , it gives a Primary AMINE which has one CARBON atom less than the original A MIDE.
28. GABRIEL PHTHALIMIDE SYNTHESIS
Phthalimide prepared with Ethanolic Potassium Hydroxide produces Potassium salt of Phthalimide when heated with Alkyl Halide followed by Alkaline hydrolysis forms the corresponding primary Amine.
29. COUPLING REACTION
Benzene diazonium chloride gets reacted with phenol in which the phenol molecule at its para position is mixed with the diazonium salt to give p- hydroxyazobenzene.
30. CARBYLAMINE REACTION
Primary amine (both aliphatic and aromatic) when warmed with chloroform and alcoholic KOH, gives isocyanides (carbylamines). This is called carbylamine reaction. Carbylamines has an offensive smell. This reaction is answered only by primary amine and hence to distinguish primary amine from other classes of amines.
Preparation of Iodobenzene
Replacement of the DIAZONIUM Group by IODINE is done simply by Shaking the DIAZONIUM SALT with KI.
