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Reading and Spelling Terminology: A Comprehensive Glossary for Educators, Exams of Communication

A glossary of terms related to reading and spelling, covering topics such as phonics, phonological awareness, and reading disabilities. It includes definitions for terms like 'affix,' 'allophone,' 'analytic phonics,' 'angular gyrus,' and 'auditory discrimination,' offering a comprehensive overview of key concepts in literacy development and intervention. The document also touches on neurological aspects of language processing, such as broca's area and its role in expressive language. This resource is valuable for educators, students, and professionals in the field of literacy.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 06/07/2025

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ALTA | Competency | Exam | with | verified |
answers
affix | - | Correct | answer | prefix | or | suffix | added | to | a | base | word. | ex. | unhelpful
active | learning | - | Correct | answer | learning | in | which | the | learner | mentally |
searches | for | connections | between | new | and | already | known | information
allophone | - | Correct | answer | a | variation | of | a | speech | sound | (/t/ | in | top, | stop, |
spits, | swift)
analytic | - | Correct | answer | pertaining | to | instruction | or | a | process | that |
separates | WHOLE | into | its | PARTS. | Analytic | phonics | separates | a | whole | word |
into | its | parts | so | students | can | deduce | the | phonics | relationships | of | the | separate
| orthographic | patterns
angular | gyrus | - | Correct | answer | an | area | of | the | brain | for | visual-verbal |
associations
anomaly | - | Correct | answer | irregularity; | deviation | from | the | common | notion |
of | fitness | or | order
ARD | - | Correct | answer | advanced | reading | deck; | shows | only | the | letter
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ALTA | Competency | Exam | with | verified |

answers

affix | - | Correct | answer | ✔prefix | or | suffix | added | to | a | base | word. | ex. | unhelpful active | learning | - | Correct | answer | ✔learning | in | which | the | learner | mentally | searches | for | connections | between | new | and | already | known | information allophone | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | variation | of | a | speech | sound | (/t/ | in | top, | stop, | spits, | swift) analytic | - | Correct | answer | ✔pertaining | to | instruction | or | a | process | that | separates | WHOLE | into | its | PARTS. | Analytic | phonics | separates | a | whole | word | into | its | parts | so | students | can | deduce | the | phonics | relationships | of | the | separate | orthographic | patterns angular | gyrus | - | Correct | answer | ✔an | area | of | the | brain | for | visual-verbal | associations anomaly | - | Correct | answer | ✔irregularity; | deviation | from | the | common | notion | of | fitness | or | order ARD | - | Correct | answer | ✔advanced | reading | deck; | shows | only | the | letter

auditory | discrimination | - | Correct | answer | ✔Necessary | to | "break | the | code" | for | reading. | It | involves | being | able | to | perceive | the | differences | between | speech | sounds | and | to | sequence | these | sounds | into | meaningful | words. base | word | - | Correct | answer | ✔the | simplest | form | of | an | English | word; | a | word | without | affixes, | such | as | spell benchmark | measures | - | Correct | answer | ✔progress | measurement | administered | at | the | end | of | each | schedule, | when | students | have | had | enough | practice breve | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | diacritical | marking | that | indicates | a | short | vowel | sound Broca's | area | - | Correct | answer | ✔posterior | portion | of | the | frontal | lobe | that | is | in | charge | of | phonological | processing | and | semantics | of | language. | This | are | in | the | front | left | of | the | brain | is | responsible | for | EXPRESSIVE | language | - | articulating | spoken | words | and | analyzing | words Broca's | aphasia | - | Correct | answer | ✔person | cannot | get | the | words | out | but | understands cedilla | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | diacritical | mark | (,) | placed | below | the | letter | c | to | indicate | that | it | is | pronounced | as | an | s

derivative | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | word | made | from | another | by | adding | a | suffix | or | prefix diacritical | markings | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | dictionary | mark | indicating | pronunciation dieresis | - | Correct | answer | ✔A | technical | name | of | two | dots | placed | over | the | letter | a | to | indicate | it's | short | o | pronunciation | or | on | the | a | before | r. digraph | - | Correct | answer | ✔two | letters | that | make | one | sound diphthong | - | Correct | answer | ✔two | vowels | standing | adjacent | in | the | same | syllable | whose | sounds | blend | smoothly | together | in | one | syllable. | Only | 4 | in | the | English | language: | oi, | oy, | ou, | ow direct | instruction | - | Correct | answer | ✔explicitly | teaching | a | concept discovery | teaching | - | Correct | answer | ✔therapist | allows | students | to | discover | information | by | asking | them | questions | rather | than | by | telling double-deficit | hypothesis | - | Correct | answer | ✔Deficiency | in | both | phoneme | awareness | and | naming | speed Dyscalculia | - | Correct | answer | ✔difficulty | with | math

Dysarthia | - | Correct | answer | ✔neurological | oral-motor | dysfunction | including | weakness | of | the | musculature | necessary | for | making | the | coordinated | movements | of | speech | production dysgraphia | - | Correct | answer | ✔involves | difficulty | with | writing | in | the | actual | motor | patterns | used | in | writing | and/or | formulation | of | written | composition dysnomia | - | Correct | answer | ✔difficulty | in | word | finding Dyspraxia | - | Correct | answer | ✔Difficulty | with | motor | planning; | impacts | upon | a | person's | ability | to | coordinate | appropriate | body | movements echolalia | - | Correct | answer | ✔repetition | of | words | or | phrases | just | spoken elison | - | Correct | answer | ✔the | omission | of | a | sound | or | syllable | in | a | word | in | pronunciation; | a | language | task | in | which | a | part | is | taken | away | -- | also | known | as | deletion Elkonian | boxes | - | Correct | answer | ✔an | instructional | technique | to | build | phonemic | awareness | in | which | the | teacher | draws | a | series | of | squares, | repeats | a | word, | and | then | asks | the | student | to | place | a | token | in | the | appropriate | number | of | boxes | to | indicate | how | many | phonemes | in | the | target | word. | E.g., | for | the | target | word | wish, | the | students | would | select | three | tokens | and | place | each | of | them | in | three | different | boxes

fMRI | - | Correct | answer | ✔functional | magnetic | resonance | imaging; | technology | that | allows | researcher | to | see | which | parts | of | the | brain | are | getting | the | most | blood | flow | -- | and | hence | are | the | most | active gerund | - | Correct | answer | ✔an | English | word | ending | in | -ing | & | used | as | a | noun | (she | loves | baking | and | cooking) guided | discovery | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | method | of | leading | students | to | new | learning | through | questioning grapheme | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | significant | visual | shape; | a | single | letter | or | letter | cluster | which | represents | a | speech | sound graphomotor | - | Correct | answer | ✔pertaining | to | the | skillful | coordination | of | the | muscle | groups | involved | in | handwriting graphophonemic | - | Correct | answer | ✔Letter-Sound; Graphophonemic | knowledge | is | phonics. haptic | - | Correct | answer | ✔Tactile, | kinesthetic, | and | surface | movement | sensations | obtained | through | the | fingers | and | hands. implicit | phonics | - | Correct | answer | ✔Sounds | never | pronounced | in | isolation. Learners | are | expected | to | induce | sounds | that | correspond | to | letter | from | accumulated | auditory | and | visual | exposure | to | words | containing | those | letters.

IRD | - | Correct | answer | ✔Initial | Reading | Deck. | It | contains | the | keywords. ISD | - | Correct | answer | ✔Instant | Spelling | Deck. | It | is | green. left | temporal | cortex | - | Correct | answer | ✔area | of | the | brain | for | language | comprehension left | frontal | cortex | - | Correct | answer | ✔area | of | the | brain | for | speech | production occipital | cortex | - | Correct | answer | ✔area | of | the | brain | for | visual | processing macron | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | diacritical | marking | that | indicates | the | long | sound | of | a | vowel Matthew | Effect | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | term | coined | by | Stanovich | to | describe | a | phenomenon | observed | in | findings | of | cumulative | advantage | for | children | who | read | well | & | have | good | vocabularies | and | cumulative | disadvantage | for | those | who | don't, | and | thus | have | lower | rates | of | achievement. | Term | coined | after | Biblical | passage | from | the | book | of | Matthew medial | - | Correct | answer | ✔everything | except | initial | and | final; | letters | B-Y | in | the | alphabet

Orton-Gillingham | Approach | - | Correct | answer | ✔Multisensory | method | of | teaching | language-related | academic | skills | that | focuses | on | the | structure | and | use | of | sounds, | syllables, | words, | sentences, | and | written | discourse. | Instruction | is | explicit, | systematic, | cumulative, | direct, | and | sequential. orthography | - | Correct | answer | ✔correct | written | spelling phoneme | - | Correct | answer | ✔sound | that | is | indicated | by | parentheses | = | (t) | or | /t/; | there | are | 44 | speech | sounds | in | English Phonemic | Awareness | - | Correct | answer | ✔an | awareness | that | speech | is | composed | of | a | series | of | individual | phonemes phonetics | - | Correct | answer | ✔the | study | of | the | characteristics | of | speech | sounds phonological | awareness | - | Correct | answer | ✔an | awareness | of | the | sound | structure | of | spoken | language | apart | from | its | meaning | and | a | conscious | ability | to | detect, | combine, | and | manipulate | different | sizes | of | sound | units rhyme | - | Correct | answer | ✔matching | the | endings | of | words | (cat, | bat, | hat) alliteration | - | Correct | answer | ✔producing | groups | of | words | that | begin | with | the | same | initial | sound | (ten | tiny | tadpoles)

sentence | segmentation | - | Correct | answer | ✔Segmenting | sentences | into | spoken | words. Ex: | The | Dog | ran | away. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 syllable | segmentation | - | Correct | answer | ✔Segmenting | words | into | syllables. Ex: | bas | ket | ball onsets | and | rimes | blending | and | segmenting | - | Correct | answer | ✔blending | and | segmenting | the | initial | consonant | or | cluster | (onset) | and | the | vowel | and | consonant | sounds | spoken | after | it | (rime); | /m/ | /ice/ | /sh/ | /ake/ compound | words | - | Correct | answer | ✔blending | and | segmenting | spoken | words | into | 2 | words Phonemes | Blending | & | Segmenting | - | Correct | answer | ✔Blending | phonemes | into | words, | segmenting | words | into | individual | phonemes | and | manipulating | phonemes | in | spoken | words: VC, | CV, | CVC, | CCVC, | CVCC, | CCVCC Ex: | At, | Po, | Cat, | Step, | Fast phonological | awareness | continuum | - | Correct | answer | ✔rhyme | --> | alliteration | --> | sentence | segmentation | --> | syllable | segmentation | --> | compound | words | blending | and | segmenting | --> | onset/rime | blending | and | segmenting | --> | phoneme | blending | and | segmenting

secondary | language | skills | - | Correct | answer | ✔Reading, | spelling, | and | writing. | Generally | learned. semantics | - | Correct | answer | ✔the | aspect | of | language | concerned | with | meaning sibilant | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | speech | sound | which | is | uttered | with | or | accompanied | by | a | hissing | sound | (/s/, | /z/, | /sh/, | /zh/) strephosymbolia | - | Correct | answer | ✔term | meaning | "twisted | symbols" | coined | by | Dr. | Samuel | T. | Orton | to | describe | specific | dyslexia Skills | for | Organizing | and | Reading | Efficiently | - | Correct | answer | ✔SkORE Survey, | Question, | Read, | Recite, | Review | (SQ3R) | - | Correct | answer | ✔Study | method | in | which | student | surveys | the | assignment, | poses | a | question, | reads | to | answer | the | question, | recites | the | answer | to | the | question, | and | reviews | the | material | read. subvocalization | - | Correct | answer | ✔The | movement | of | the | lips, | tongue, | and | larynx | during | silent | reading suffix | - | Correct | answer | ✔one | or | more | letters | added | to | the | end | of | a | base | word | that | changes | its | form | or | usage | (ing, | ed, | er, | es, | s, | ful)

Inflectional | suffixes | - | Correct | answer | ✔can | modify | the | tense | of | the | words | (to | jump: | jumps, | jumped, | jumping). | The | suffixes | -s, | -es, | -ed, | and | -ing | account | for | 62% | of | all | suffixed | words. syllable | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | word | or | part | of | a | word | with | one | vowel | sound syntax | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | set | of | principles | that | dictate | the | sequence | and | function | of | words | in | a | sentence | in | order | to | convey | meaning synthesize | - | Correct | answer | ✔blend | or | continue | to | form | into | a | whole synthetic | phonics | - | Correct | answer | ✔pertaining | to | instruction | or | a | process | that | begins | with | individual | letter | sounds | that | are | blended | together | to | form | a | word. | Phonics | programs | utilize | this | philosophy. | Reader | blends | or | synthesizes | sounds | into | words. typography | - | Correct | answer | ✔the | physical | appearance | of | written | letters | such | as | whether | they | are | upper | or | lowercase | or | formed | in | cursive | or | print tilde | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | diacritical | mark | (~) | placed | over | a | vowel | in | a | combination | or | a | dipthong: | or, | ou unequivocal | sounds | - | Correct | answer | ✔clear; | an | unequivocal | letter | represents | only | one | sound | (/b/, | /t/, | /l/, | /h/). | An | unequivocal | sound | is | regularly | spelled | only | one | way.

affricate | phoneme | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | consonant | sound | that | consists | of | a | slowly | released | stop | followed | by | a | fricative | (ch, | j) glide | phoneme | - | Correct | answer | ✔flowing | and | vowel-like | (y, | w) liquid | phoneme | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | sound | produced | when | the | lips | and/or | tongue | are | passing | from | the | position | for | one | sound | to | that | of | another | (r, | l) accent | - | Correct | answer | ✔stress | or | emphasis | on | one | syllable | in | a | word | or | one | part | of | a | word; | sound | is | louder, | longer | & | higher. | Mouth | is | open | wider | while | saying | an | accented | syllable. Derivations | suffixes | - | Correct | answer | ✔can | change | the | part | of | speech | (please: | pleasant, | pleasantly, | pleasurable). | The | suffixes | -able | (-ible), | -ness, | and | -ly | make | up | 27% | of | all | suffixed | words