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America Begins
30-10000 B.C. Peopling of America o Siberian hunters o Bering Straits Nomadic hunters came They were chasing big game mammals When they disappeared, these were the ppl who lived in the Americas Migrants pushed down to South America and then they stopped in the North America. o Land Bridge When the process ended, the bridge was covered Nomadic groups-distinct cultures o Each group pursued their own interests o They never developed a common identity Eventually the Europeans exploited this concept o Agricultural revolution o As far back as 3000 BC o This spread to Central/North America o Called this b/c it brought about changes If you move around looking for food, there is instability Once you stay somewhere and cultivate crops, they can expand their population Happened near bodies of water o The first ppl credited w/ this were the Incas o The earlier migrants went to Central/South America o Very sophisticated groups flourished in Central/South America o In order to have a civilization, you have to have writing to write down the laws
Incas (Peru, Ecuador, Chile) 11 th
- th Century o First to invite agriculture in the Americas Lived in the Andes Mountains They had terraced fields o Very efficient imperial organization The very powerful emperor had messengers They had a rigid structure in society On top of society, there was the ruling class Religious and military leaders On the bottom were the peasants They had a command economy They were communists o Agricultural-Terraced fields o All Aspects of life regulated Sun-god was blood thirsty They had to sacrifice Human sacrifices either had people’s little children or POWs. o Pragmatic Very practical Did not engage in philosophical debates They were great builders Bridges, roads, fortresses In spite of their power, Pizarro conquered them in the 1530’s Flourished between the 11 th
th century Political struggle 2 brothers looking for power Pizarro came at the right time For 2 decades, the Spanish were fighting and pillaging Mayans o In the area of Mexico and Guatemala o Came around ??? and from the NW coast of California o They were very advanced
o Rigid social order but advanced possible o Sun god Human sacrifices Ultimately became obsessed w/ war Emphasis on violence, strength, etc o Montezuma II Was the leaders o Aztecs were similar to the Romans Mayans and Toltecs are more like the Greeks o 1521: Hernando Cortes conquered Was a minor Hidalgo Was in Cuba and heard rumors of gold in present-day Mexico Had a group of 600 men, 16 ships, etc and went to Mexico He burned all the ships so his men would not go back He was determined to get the gold and become rich He made Montezuma think he was the reincarnation of someone He understood that the neighbors of the Aztecs didn’t like them and was able to lay siege and burn Tenochtitlan to the ground He also used disease (smallpox). Native Cultures in North America Native Cultures in North America o Mound Builders Called this b/c they built mounds for housing, religious ceremonies or burials Early Mississippians built mounds of earth o Pueblo Indians Developed a culture o Plains Indians o Northwestern Indians
Lived in wooden houses Were very wealthy o Eastern Woodland Indians Both hunters or practice agriculture Algonquian speaking along Atlantic Coast Powhatans, Narrangansets, Abenakis o About 300 different dialects o Indian Divisiveness Indians divided but shared cultural assumptions Patterns of contact o Europeans thought of the Natives as savages o The Natives thought the Europeans were ehhhh Indian spiritual and social values o Colors of the Wind Background of European conquest o There were early voyages o The Vikings came to Newfoundland o 984 A.D. –Eric the Red went to Greenland Went back home to Scandinavia His son, Leif, went to Newfoundland For centuries, ppl didn’t know if he was a rumor or not In the 60’s, they found remains Not until the late 1400s that Spanish conquerors followed suit after Columbus o In Europe, there was a tremendous population expansion o New Monarchs emerged Spain— France- Louis IX France- Henry VII They got tired of having to call on the nobles They established a tax system and armies
Managing an Empire: Encomienda system- o They were like grants by the crown o To go to the Americas, create villages and make the natives work for them. o The more successful you are, the more natives you had work for you Criollos-Peninsulares o Criollos were the local elite o They led the revolution to be free from Spain Had the best army in the 6 th century o Religious fervor o Catholics who are fighting people of another religion o The conquerors had two aims: Find the gold and get rich quick Convert the heathens (they exploited the Natives) o Very independent minded Several Spanish explorers claimed territory: o 1500’s: Juan Ponce De Leon Went to Florida Was looking for gold and the fountain of youth Cabeza de Vaca Hernando de Soto First to explore present-day Mississippi Vasco de Balboa First saw the Pacific Ocean Cortez Went to Mexico o Spain failed to diversify their economy o The empire decline o Inflation occurred o Mestizos (mixed race) France
o 1524: John of Verrazzano First to go along the Atlantic Coast He was along the Carolinas o 1534: Jacques Cartier He was the one that discovered the St. Lawrence River and present day Montreal o 1608: Samuel de Champlain Went to the area of Lake Champlain o French Traders o They did not look down on the Natives The locals were their business partners “Forest runners” French missionaries Converted the Natives o They did not like to leave France The crown was not interested in Canadian affairs Very detached Got present-day Louisiana o Interested in the northwest passage and fur trade Indians helped them trap animals England o 1497 John Cabot Looking for a NW passage but never found it o 1508-1509 Sebastian Cabot Did the same voyage as his dad o Tudor Dynasty Henry VII He ended the long civil war (Two Roses) Started a new dynasty Had great administrative skills Left stability and peace Had two sons: Arthur and Henry
1584—Sir Walter Raleigh o In one yr., ppl in Roanoke ran out of supplies o By the time the governor came back, the people were gone o No bodies were ever found o Virginia Dare was the granddaughter of Governor White. First baby born in America. Test #1 taken on Jan. 19. Grade: 93 Tuesday, January 24, 2012 The Stuart Dynasty The ppl who came to America were either looking for land opportunities, groups were looking for religious freedom or escape poverty. In England, there was a population explosion, with more and more poor. o Landless peasants used to seasonal work With the poor laws, judges, etc were supposed to give room and shelter to the needy but they had to be in their own village. o If they moved around, they lost the right to be taken care of. Enclosures o The landlords had the land (nobles, etc) o They had part of their land that anyone could cultivate for their own consumption or sell it for money. o Then the landlords figured that if they closed the free lands and had sheep there, they could sell the wool. o Transform the free land to enclose them and sell the wool to the Netherlands. Political Controversy o The Stuart Dynasty
o Liked the Anglican church the way it was w/ the Bishops o The Protestants thought there was too much Catholicism in this church. o The Puritans were a broken group: middle class, liked to have their own preachers, wanted to purify their church o The new Bible—King James version—1611. o James was a strong king and he could control the gov’t—esp. Parliament Died of natural causes o His son caused problems Charles I Had a difficult personality Unbending, uncompromising Was not trained to be king His brother was to be king Made mistakes Married a French Catholic princess Ruled w/o Parliament and Puritans called it tyranny o Oliver Cromwell Ironsides were his soldiers He was a Calvinist o First king ousted by Parliament Was also assassinated o After this, there was a Puritan commonwealth o People left by the thousands 1630’s-40’s Left b/c of religious controversy Thursday, January 26, 2012 The Stuart Dynasty
o When he died, his son did not want the job o So parliament called Charles II, son of Charles I 1660—Restoration Charles II o Partied hard dude o Died of natural causes o No legit kids o The Anglican church came back as Elizabeth had it James II o Brother of Charles II o Catholic He did not bother to be discreet about it “Don’t ask, don’t tell” policy about Catholicism o His church in England was a supported church o Was aging when he got to the throne o Mary and Anne were his daughters o They dealt w/ his Catholicism b/c he was a legit heir to the throne o He remarried a Catholic princess Fathered little James A legit heir to the throne When he was born, people sang the Rock-a-bye baby” song William and Mary o Bill of Rights (10 promises) o The King of England was always to be Protestant o No cruel and unusual punishment o The Glorious Revolution First time in history constitutional limitations were imposed on a King o Englishmen left behind a wrecked England: social, religious, etc problems Some left to become landowners Other wanted religious freedom
Others wanted to escape hangmen The Spectrum of Settlement The Chesapeake Experience Virginia o Joint-Stock Company Form a biz company Have several men put down their $$$ o 1606 James I issued Virginia Charter Granted a charter Very wealthy men put down $$ to buy stocks If things went wrong, you are not responsible for everyone else’s debts. Get back $$ after 7 yrs. o Virginia Company Sent 5 ships to the new world o 1607 Jamestown Virginia Company did this By a river (James river) o Death trap The Natives were hostile The waters were contaminated w/ salt People were dying All of the guys that came thought they were going to find gold, silver, etc and did not want to work. o Captain John Smith Became the “savior” of Jamestown Military experience “Don’t work, don’t eat” Mapped the Chesapeake Bay o 1609 New Charter Trying to reimage themselves Lowered the price of the stocks so that others could buy them
He made the colony of VA a royal colony Religion had to be Anglican When king James I died and Charles became King, he let the Virginians alone. o Life in Virginia Life was hard Instability and impermanence 6:1 men to women ratio Malaria and disease spread 25% infant mortality rate Rigidly structured society People who came w/ $$$ were not noblemen They were second sons of merchants, storekeepers w/ $ $$ Once they could insure good land for themselves became the elite Freemen were former indentured servants o Most of them did not become rich Indentured servants were at the bottom of the social ladder o Not slaves but they saw it as a harsh position o Tobacco = Inequality Allowed ppl to become very wealthy More servants = more leaves = more $$$ Even though it is easy to cultivate, you needed a lot of land Up to the 1680’s, it was easy for ppl to become members of the elite From then on, ppl got use to the climate and have their kids survive and become the “indigenous elite.” Easterners/ Westerns Haves/ have-nots o Bacon’s Rebellion
June 1676 Nathanial Bacon was a successful planter Unhappy w/ Governor Berkley’s policies Thought he played favorites and sucked at protecting the ppl who settled in VA from the Indians When an Indian raid killed his overseer, he rose in rebellion He put together an army (servants, freeman) He raided VA and burned Jamestown He died, so did the rebellion Showed that there was an east/west conflict Westerners thought the governor was not protecting them well Put pressure on the gov’t to reapportion representation in the House of Burgesses Some of his men were freemen, so they had to start bringing servants into VA Basically helped to create slavery Maryland o Named for the wife of Charles I o Sir. George Calvert was a Catholic Was given a charter to go to the New World and find a place for Catholics o Cecilius— nd Lord of Baltimore Find a place for Catholics Bought a village from the Indians (Mary City) o Lord Baltimore Proprietor of Mary’s City 7 million acres of land Tried to establish a feudal system w/ 2 houses Flourished b/c of tobacco Issued the 1649 Toleration Act Religious matters
o First constitution in the history of America Plymouth The Spectrum of Settlement Puritan New England Calvinist o Radical and committed to significant change o Not pleased w/ the church of England the way it was o They were not Separatists but wanted to worship somewhere else John Winthrop o Obtained a charter for Mass Bay in 1629 o When he obtained it, he thought of it as another business venture o Nowhere was it written that the members would hold meetings so that they could go to America o People left England by the thousands o 1642-1649 England has a civil war o First governor and before landing, he had a speech (City on a Hill) Build a new Jerusalem Build a city away from persecution and freedom of religion Great Puritan Migration o Entire families and villages left to go to New England o Every head of the family had enough land to raise a family of 4 o Life for a single man would be difficult o Each plantation was pretty isolated o They survived better b/c they had their families o In June 1630, Winthrop left England and arrived at Boston Harbor 700 ppl, 11 ships 1 st^ winter was tough—30% died By mid-1631, 1300 arrived and more were on the way New England way o Pious and disciplined people
o People of the middle class o Can pay for their passage and live w/ their families o By the 1670’s, there were people who had grandchildren o As ppl arrived, people created towns, churches and schools. o Church leaders were called “???” o All adult male members of the church could vote o Everyone paid taxes to the church o Everyone must serve in the militia o No separation b/t church and state in New England Roger Williams o Argued that the colony was impure because they had not purchased the land from the Indians Also that the Puritans thought they were reformed The main saints had no right to punish ppl for not going to church Separation of church and state Banished to Rhode Island and founded a self-governing colony Anne Hutchinson o Was a very smart woman o Knowledgeable of the Bible and started women’s Bible study group o Puritan saints didn’t like that o Would say that the main saints were not any better than the archbishop back home o Was tried for heresy Antinomianism o During her trial, her deep knowledge of the Bible was reveled Almost was acquitted but she let her guard down She said she had a personal relation w/ the Holy Spirit which got her banished She left the Puritan colony
