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American Political Culture and Government Structures, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Law

Lamar University (LU)Law

This document provides an overview of key concepts and principles related to American political culture and government structures, covering topics such as democracy, capitalism, limited government, the Constitution, federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, and the role of the judiciary. It discusses important historical events, figures, and court cases that have shaped the development of the American political system. The detailed information and explanations in this document could be useful for students studying American government, politics, and history at the university level.

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2024/2025

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Lamar University POLS 2302 Exam
1 Questions and Answers
American political culture
-A set of basic, foundational values and beliefs about government that is shared by most
citizens. Key elements: democracy, equality before the law, limited government, capitalism &
private property
-The collection of public opinion through polling and interviews
economic freedom
is the ability of people of a society to take economic actions
democracy
a form of government where political power rests in the hands of the people
Shay's Rebellion
armed uprising led by Daniel Shay due to economic reasons; led that there needed to be a
change in our current constitution ( He borrowed money from Massachusetts and could not pay
it back)
auxiliary precautions
A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but
experience has taught mankind the necessity
power map
a visual tool used by social advocates to identify the best individuals to target to promote social
change
Alexander Hamilton
1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank,
assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national
debt.
Judiciary Act of 1789
The act Marbury used to go directly to the supreme court in Marbury v Madison
appellate jurisdiction
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Lamar University POLS 2302 Exam

1 Questions and Answers

American political culture

  • A set of basic, foundational values and beliefs about government that is shared by most citizens. Key elements: democracy, equality before the law, limited government, capitalism & private property
  • The collection of public opinion through polling and interviews economic freedom is the ability of people of a society to take economic actions democracy a form of government where political power rests in the hands of the people Shay's Rebellion armed uprising led by Daniel Shay due to economic reasons; led that there needed to be a change in our current constitution ( He borrowed money from Massachusetts and could not pay it back) auxiliary precautions A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity power map a visual tool used by social advocates to identify the best individuals to target to promote social change Alexander Hamilton 1789 - 1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. Judiciary Act of 1789 The act Marbury used to go directly to the supreme court in Marbury v Madison appellate jurisdiction

the power of a higher court to review and revise a lower court's decision Supreme Court the highest federal court in the United States judicial review ability to take a law and examine/compare it to the constitution Thurgood Marshall American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. freedom-of-choice plans A school integration plan mandating no particular racial balance Monarchy a form of government where one ruler, usually a hereditary one, holds political power Representative Democracy a form of government where voters elect representatives to make decisions and pass laws on behalf of all the people instead of allowing people to vote directly on laws direct democracy a form of government where people participate directly in making government decisions instead of choosing representatives to do this for them pluralist theory claims political power rests in the hands of groups of people Robert Putnam argued that a decline in social capital has led to a decline in political participation. Mid-20th century societal changes fueling the decline in social capital: mobility and urban sprawl; technology and mass media; generational change. Social Contract an agreement between people and government in which citizens consent to be governed so long as the government protects their natural rights Articles of Confederation

  • First constitution, very weak
  • States retained power
  • no army, no president and weak national gov
  • led to shays rebellion New Jersey Plan representation by equal representation

jurisdiction The authority of a court to hear a case district courts the lowest federal courts; federal trials can be held only here en banc the term used when the full panel of judges on the appellate court hears a case stare decisis let the decision stand white flight working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs republic A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws. majority rule a fundamental principle of democracy; the majority should have the power to make decisions binding upon the whole totalitarianism a form of government where government is all-powerful and citizens have no rights C. Wright Mills coined the term sociological imagination John Locke 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Declaration of Independence John Locke; Natural/Inalienable rights not a constitution grievances confederation a highly decentralized form of government; sovereign states form a union for purposes such as mutual defense Great Compromise

a compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan that created a two-house Congress; representation based on population in the House of Representatives and equal representation of states in the Senate checks and balances a system that allows one branch of government to limit the exercise of power by another branch; requires the different parts of government to work together reserve powers any powers not prohibited by the Constitution or delegated to the national government; powers reserved to the states and denied to the federal government amicus curiae briefs literally a "friend of the court" and used for a brief filed by someone who is interested in but not party to a case rational basis test the standard used by the courts to decide most forms of discrimination; the burden of proof is on those challenging the law or action to demonstrate there is no good reason for treating them differently from other citizens Jim Crow laws Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights Seneca Falls Convention delegates that attended wanted to advance political and social rights for women Indian Reorganization Act 1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development. Americans with Disabilities Act guarantees equal employment rights for disabled Americans personal freedom The right to think and act without government control. economic equality A situation where there are only small differences in wealth between citizens Anti-Federalists wanted strong, state government and feared the national government would have too much power federalism

connections with others and the willingness to interact and aid them Magna Carta —a promise to his subjects that he and future monarchs would refrain from certain actions that harmed, or had the potential to harm, the people Thomas Jefferson Author of the Declaration of Independence, 3rd president Virginia Plan representation by population Three-Fifths Compromise every 5 slaves = 3 free persons Supremacy Clause all laws of national government and constitution is the supreme law of land selection of federal judges they are nominated by the president and approved by the senate strict scrutiny strict test and form of judicial review that that makes sure that a law isn't discriminated based on race de facto segregation segregation that results from the private choices of individuals 19th Amendment woman can vote LULAC The League of United Latin American Citizens was a middle-class Mexican American civil rights organization founded in Texas in 1929. It focused on ending segregation in housing, public facilities and schools. what circuit is Texas in Marbury v. Madison created judicial review; Judge did not receive commission after being appointed; supreme court ruled that judiciary act of 1789 and and constitution contradicts itself- marbury loses and Madison win Plessey v. Ferguson African American who challenged jim crow laws in public transportation; separate but equal clause was created from this case Shelley v. Kramer

A 1948 Supreme Court ecision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of josing developments by African Americans, Asian Americans, and other minorities. Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing, unfiar practices against minority groups continued until passafe of the Fair Housing Act in 1968. Elks v. Wilkins 1868 case in which Supreme Court decided Fourteenth Amendment did not grant citizenship to Native Americans Korematsu v. U. S 1941 --The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2. Dred Scott v. Sandford Slave who escaped to illinois and supreme court ruled that slaves were property, not people Burwell v. Hobby Lobby (2014) Allowed closely-held, for-profit corporations to be exempt from a law its owners religiously object to if there is a less restrictive means of furthering the law's interest. Harper v. Board of Elections 1966 case in which Supreme Court declared that requiring payment of a poll tax in order to vote in an election on any level was unconstitutional Mendez v. Westminster outlawed school segregation and was a precedent for Brown v Board of Education Obergefell v. Hodges States obligated to recognize same-sex marriage from other states. Brown v. Board of Education Man wants to enroll his black girls to an all white school because it is closer. He sues and the supreme court overturns stare decisis, separate but equal, and says they can go to equal school if they are truly equal (Separate is unequal) Lawrence v. Texas case about consensual homosexual activity whether it is legal or not Shelby County v. Holder Ruled the preclearance portion of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 unconstitutional for now Arizona v. U. S. Arizona appealed case decision in which argued that immigration law is exclusively in the federal domain For a test to be in strict scrutiny is has to meet 3 requirements

The Boston Tea Party

  1. Britain closed the port of Boston
  2. Trials were held in England