NCLEX Review & Notes: Anatomy & Physiology, Pharmacology, and More, Cheat Sheet of Anatomy

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Anatomy & Physiology

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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

VALVE

VEINS

ARTERY

VENA CAVA

VALVE

VENA CAVA

VALVE

VALVE

The Cardiovascular System includes the ___________, __________, and _________________________. The main function of the Cardiovascular System is to transport substances, nutrients and _________ to tissues and cells all over the body. Atrium = Blood goes ________ heart. Ventricles = Blood goes ________heart. The three layers of the heart are: ___________= outermost layer _______________ = middle layer _______________= innermost layer Tricuspid “Triangle” = the right AV valve with _____ flaps. Bicuspid “BI=2” = the left AV valve with ______flaps. Contraction of the heart is called _______ meanwhile relaxation of the heart is called ______. The first heart sound “LUB” in the cardiac cycle is caused by a closing of the _____ valves. The second heart sound “DUB” is due to closing of the ________ valves. Normal Pulse: 60-100 , Normal BP: 120/

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

The Integumentary System includes: Skin, ___________glands, __________glands,

__________, and __________.

The main functions of the Integumentary System are to protect tissues, ______regulation,

elimination, synthesize Vitamin ____, and sensation.

The L ayers of the Epidermis can be remembered “Come Let’s Get Sun Burned”

Stratum C________________

Stratum L________________

Stratum G_______________

Stratum S________________

Stratum B________________

The ________layer of the skin is found on the to p layer of the dermis, and the _______ layer is

found towards the bottom layer of the dermis and include blood vessels, sweat/oil glands, and

pressure sensors.

Most of the epidermis is made of ______________ (keratin cells) and pigmenting of the skin is made

of _________________.

DERMIS

**Top Layer =

---

Bottom Layer =

---

LAYER**

SHAFT

PORE

MUSCLE GLANDS (FAT)

NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Nervous System is made up of: the brain, ___________cord, and _________.

The Nervous System is split in the Central ____________ and Peripheral Nervous System.

The Peripheral Nervous System is also split into the Somatic Nervous System and _______Nervous

System. The Autonomic Nervous System has the ____________ Division “ Fight or Flight ” and

_________ Division “ Rest and Digest ”.

The left side of the brain is associated with ________.

The right side of the brain is associated with _________.

The function of the __________ lobe of the brain is vision.

The function of the ___________lobe of the brain is language, sensation, and perception.

The function of the ___________lobe of the brain is speech, personality, and judgement.

The function of the __________lobe of the brain is memory and hearing.

Balance and coordination are controlled by the ____________ and autonomic functions like HR, BP,

Temp, Breathing are controlled by the ____________.

LOBE

LOBE

LOBE

LOBE

VITAE

GLAND

CALLOSUM

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The Digestive System includes the mouth, ________ glands, pharynx, __________, pancreas,

esophagus, liver, ___________, small and large intestine, and anus.

There are six main functions of the digestive system:

_________________: voluntary process of eating and bringing foods into the digestive system.

_________________: foods are processed and propelled from one organ to the next through

peristalsis (waves of contraction/relaxation of muscles). Ex: Swallowing

________________: foods are broken technically by the tongue, churning of stomach, and

segmenting in small intestine.

________________: foods are broken down by enzymes.

________________: digested food is absorbed into the intestinal lining of the bloodstream or lymph.

________________: elimination of waste in the form of feces.

GLANDS

INTESTINE

INTESTINE

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE

The Female Reproductive System is used to reproduce offspring.

The egg cells with hormones are also called__________________________.

The ovaries are transported by the ________________________to the uterus. The fimbria propels

ovums into the fallopian tube.

The uterus is the primary place for implantation and nourishment of a growing fetus. It can be

divided into the _____________, __________________, and _________________ (opening).

The main female sex hormone of __________________ stimulates the release of follicle

stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (love hormone) used in growth and reproductive

development.

The other main female sex hormone of __________________is produced during the second half

of the menstrual cycle and thickens the lining of the endometrium to prepare for a fertilized egg.

Periods of Pregnancy : Germinal Period (0-2 wks), Embryonic (3-8 wks), Fetal Period (9 wks-Birth)

LIGAMENT

BODY OF

LIGAMENT

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The Endocrine System is used to produce _________________ that regulate homeostasis of the

body.

The main functions of the Endocrine System include water ______________, blood pressure

management, blood _________ regulation, tissue growth, reproductive function, and protein

metabolism.

The organs included in the endocrine system are the: hypothalamus, pituitary ___________, thyroid,

parathyroid, __________gland, adrenal cortex, adrenal ________ and pancreas islets.

The hormones of the anterior pituitary include: growth hormone, prolactin, ACTH, TSH,

gonadotropic hormone, FSH, and LH hormone. The posterior pituitary hormones are Oxytocin and

________.

Melatonin, the sleep hormone, is produced by the ______________ gland.

The hormone _____________ raises blood calcium vs the hormone _________ lowers blood

calcium.

GLAND

GLAND

GLANDS

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

The Lymphatic System is used to the protect the body from pathogens, absorb _______, and

balance fluid levels.

The organs included in the Lymphatic System include the: tonsils, spleen, appendix, red bone

marrow, lymph nodes, thymus gland, Peyer’s patches.

_____ is the name of a drainage system that picks up excess tissue fluid.

The Thymus produces T cells that watch and ______ pathogens while B cells from Red Bone Marrow

provide __________to prevent future attacks.

The largest organ of the body that provides e xternal protection is the _____________. Other

mechanisms of external defense are mucous membranes, skin secretions, and cilia in the nasal cavity.

Internal defenses system include _____________ that eat bacteria , the inflammatory response

(heat, redness, swelling, ________), and antimicrobial proteins.

A virus, bacteria, fungi, pollen, toxin is a type of ________________, and an _____________ is used

to bind to an antigen to reduce or stop its progression.

ADENOIDS

MARROW

PATCHES

NODES

SKELETAL SYSTEM

The Skeletal System includes the ___________, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage.

The functions of the skeletal system includes supporting the body, protecting ____________,

movement, storage of calcium, and blood cell formation.

The Skeletal System is divided into the Axial & Appendicular skeleton. The Axial Skeleton include

the longitudinal axis of the body bones (ribs, sternum, skull, vertebral column), while the Appendicular

Skeleton include the _________ (arm, legs, hips).

The two types of bone tissue are: compact and _____________bone.

Bones can be classified into four shapes : long, short, flat, and irregular.

_________________: humerus of arm

_________________: sternum

_________________: vertebra

_________________: carpal of wrist

Mature bone cells are called ______________.

The types of Bone Marrow are:___________produces red blood cells, and _________________is

made up of adipose tissue.

ULNA

STERNUM

FEMUR

SCAPULA

A N S W E R K E Y CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM The cardiovascular system includes the heart , blood , and blood vessels. The main function of the Cardiovascular System is to transport substances, nutrients and OXYGEN to tissues and cells all over the body. Atrium = blood goes INTO heart, Ventricles = blood goes OUT OF heart. The three layers of the heart are: epicardium (outermost layer), myocardium ( middle layer), endocardium (innermost layer). Tricuspid “Triangle” = the right AV valve with 3 flaps. Bicuspid “BI=2” = the left AV valve with 2 flaps. Contraction of the heart is called systole meanwhile relaxation of the heart is called diastole. The first heart sound “LUB” in the cardiac cycle is caused by a closing of the AV valves. The second heart sound “DUB” is due to closing of the SL valves. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The Respiratory System includes the lungs, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea, large airways (bronchi), small airways (bronchioles), nose and mouth. The main function of the Respiratory System is to supply the body with oxygen “O2” and get rid of carbon dioxide “CO2”. The Larynx is also referred to as the voice box. The Pharynx is also referred to as “Throat” that is a passageway for food and air. The Epiglottis is called “The Protector of the Airways” since it closes to stop food from entering the airway. There are 3 lobes on the right side of the lung vs. 2 lobes on the left side of the lungs. One of the main functions of the Respiratory is gas exchange (CO2/O2). In external respiration, gas exchange

and Autonomic Nervous System. The Autonomic Nervous System has the Sympathetic Division “Fight or Flight” and Parasympathetic Division “Rest and Digest”. The left side of the brain is associated with LOGIC (math, writing). The right side of the brain is associated with ART (creativity, problem solving). The function of the OCCIPITAL lobe of the brain is vision.The function of the PARIETAL lobe of the brain is language, sensation, and perception. The function of the FRONTAL lobe of the brain is speech, personality, and judgement. The function of the TEMPORAL lobe of the brain is memory and hearing. Balance and coordination are controlled by the CEREBELLUM and autonomic functions like HR, BP, Temp, Breathing are controlled by the BRAIN STEM. URINARY SYSTEM The Urinary System is made up of the Urinary Bladder , Ureter, Renal Pelvis , Kidney, and Urethra. The main functions of the Urinary System is to filter blood and create urine (filled with toxins, drugs, waste) to be eliminated. The kidneys are responsible for filtering gallons of fluid from the bloodstream. A nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidneys. The Ureters play an important role in transporting urine from the kidneys to the bladder while the Urethra carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body (toilet). A different word for voiding or urinating is Micturate. Urine is formed by three processes: Glomerular Filtration : water and solutes are forced through walls of glomerular capsule into renal tubule. Tubular Reabsorption : water, glucose, amino acids, and ions transported out of filtrate, into tubule cells and then capillary blood. Tubular Secretion : hydrogen, potassium, creating, drugs removed by blood and secreted by tubule cells. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The Digestive System includes the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, stomach , pancreas, esophagus, liver, gallbladder , small and large intestine, rectum, and anus. Ingestion : voluntary process of eating and bringing foods into the digestive system.

Propulsion : foods are processed and propelled from one organ to the next through peristalsis (waves of contraction/relaxation of muscles). Ex: Swallowing Mechanical Digestion : foods are broken technically by the tongue, churning of stomach, and segmenting in small intestine. Chemical Digestion : foods are broken down by enzymes. Absorption : digested food is absorbed into the intestinal lining of the bloodstream or lymph. Defecation : elimination of waste in the form of feces. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The Female Reproductive System is used to reproduce offspring. The egg cells with hormones are also called OVARIES. The ovaries are transported by the FALLOPIAN TUBES the uterus. The fimbria propels ovums into the fallopian tube. The uterus is the primary place for implantation and nourishment of a growing fetus. It can be divided into the body , isthmus , and cervix (opening). The main female sex hormone of estrogen stimulates the release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (love hormone) used in growth and reproductive development. The other main female sex hormone of progesterone is produced during the second half of the menstrual cycle and thickens the lining of the endometrium to prepare for a fertilized egg. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The Male Reproductive System is used to reproduce offspring. The male reproductive cell is called SPERM. The tightly coiled tube responsible for transporting sperm from the tubule to vas deferens is

while B cells from Red Bone Marrow provide antibodies to prevent future attacks. The largest organ of the body that provides external protection is the SKIN. Other mechanisms of external defense are mucous membranes, skin secretions, and cilia in the nasal cavity. Internal defenses system include PHAGOCYTES that eat bacteria, the inflammatory response (heat, redness, swelling, PAIN ), and antimicrobial proteins. A virus, bacteria, fungi, pollen, toxin is a type of ANTIGEN , and an ANTIBODY is used to bind to an antigen to reduce or stop its progression. MUSCULAR SYSTEM

The Muscular System is made up of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. The functions of the

muscular system are to produce MOVEMENT , maintain posture, stabilize joints , and generate

HEAT. The outer

layer of muscle is

called the

epimysium , middle

layer is the

perimysium, and the

inner layer is called

the endomysium.

Flexion : a

movement that

decreases the angle

of a joint. “Coming

Together”

Extension : a

movement that

increases the angle

of a joint. “Distancing

Apart”

Abduction : moving a limb away from the middle of the body.

Adduction : moving a limb towards the middle of the body.

Rotation : movement of a bone around a longitudinal axis.

Eversion : moving the foot laterally Inversion : moving the foot inward (invert)

Supination : palms facing up (anterior) Pronation : palms facing down (posterior)

Smooth Muscle is INVOLUNTARY , Cardiac Muscle is INVOLUNTARY , Skeletal Muscle is

VOLUNTARY.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

The Skeletal System includes the BONES , tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. The functions of the

skeletal system includes supporting the body, protecting ORGANS , movements, storage of

calcium, and blood cell formation. The Skeletal System is divided into the Axial & Appendicular

skeleton. The Axial Skeleton include the longitudinal axis of the body bones (ribs, sternum,

skull, vertebral column), while

the Appendicular Skeleton

include the LIMBS (arm,

legs, hips). The two types of

bone tissue are: compact and

SPONGY bone. Bones can

be classified into four

shapes : long, short, flat,

and irregular.

LONG BONE : humerus of

arm

FLAT BONE : sternum

IRREGULAR BONE :

vertebra

SHORT BONE : carpal of

wrist

Mature bone cells are called osteocytes.

The types of Bone Marrow are: RED MARROW produces red blood cells, and YELLOW

MARROW is made up of adipose tissue.