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A&P Exam 1 - Module 1 & 2 Question
with Answers
abdominal cavity - ✔✔Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver Abdominopelvic subdivisions - ✔✔abdominal and pelvic Anatomy - ✔✔The study of body structure appendicular - ✔✔appendages or limbs attached to the trunk axial - ✔✔main axis of the body; head, neck, and trunk body cavities exposed to environment - ✔✔Oral, digestive, nasal, orbital, middle ear Body cavities not exposed to environment - ✔✔Synovial cavities: joint cavities Body planes: frontal - ✔✔vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Body Planes: Midsagittal - ✔✔sagittal plane that lies on the midline
Body planes: sagittal - ✔✔vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts Body planes: transverse - ✔✔horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts cardiovascular system - ✔✔Function: supplies oxygen rich blood to the body and removes CO2; transports nutrients and hormones throughout the body Key organs: heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), and blood complementarity of structure and function - ✔✔Anatomy and physiology are a package deal; what a structure can do (phys) is dependent on its specific form (ana) Cranial cavity - ✔✔Encases the brain Deep (internal) - ✔✔Away from the surface; more internal Digestive system - ✔✔Function: breaks down food into usable components for the body's cells and eliminates toxic waste from the body (in the form of feces) Key organs: mouth, teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, small/large intestine, rectum Distal - ✔✔Away from the trunk of the body
Inferior - ✔✔Toward the bottom integumentary system - ✔✔function: protection against external damage and infection, regulation of body temperature, and sensory reception key organs: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands Intermediate - ✔✔between a more medial and a more lateral structure; in the middle Lateral - ✔✔Away from the midline Levels of structural organization (6) - ✔✔Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism lymphatic and immune system - ✔✔function: filters out fluid in the body to maintain proper fluid balance and helps maintain the body's immune function key organs: spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and bone marrow Medial - ✔✔Toward the midline Mediastinum - ✔✔contains pericardial cavity, surrounds thoracic organs
muscular system - ✔✔function: provides voluntary and involuntary movement of body parts and organs key organs: skeletal muscle and tendons, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle negative feedback mechanism; ex? Common or not? - ✔✔Results in the variable changing in the OPPOSITE direction from the original change Ex: Body temp regulation Very common; most body regulation mechanisms nervous system - ✔✔function: controls and regulates conscious and unconscious functioning of the body; sends and receives signals throughout the body to allow sensing of and interaction within the environment key organs: brain, spinal cord, ganglia, nerves. and sensory organs Parietal serosa - ✔✔Lines internal body cavity walls Pelvic cavity - ✔✔Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum pericardial cavity - ✔✔encases the heart Pericardium - ✔✔Membrane surrounding the heart peritoneum - ✔✔membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
Regional terminology: brachial - ✔✔upper arm Regional terminology: buccal - ✔✔cheek Regional terminology: calcaneal - ✔✔heel Regional terminology: carpal - ✔✔wrist Regional terminology: Cephalic * - ✔✔head region Regional terminology: cervical - ✔✔neck Regional terminology: coxal - ✔✔hip Regional terminology: crural - ✔✔shin Regional terminology: digital - ✔✔fingers Regional terminology: dorsal - ✔✔back Regional terminology: femoral - ✔✔thigh Regional terminology: Frontal - ✔✔forehead
Regional terminology: gluteal - ✔✔butt Regional terminology: hallux - ✔✔big toe Regional terminology: inguinal - ✔✔groin Regional terminology: lumbar - ✔✔spine Regional terminology: mammary - ✔✔breast Regional terminology: manus - ✔✔hand Regional terminology: mental - ✔✔chin Regional terminology: metacarpal - ✔✔Regional terminology: back of hand Regional terminology: metatarsal - ✔✔top of foot Regional terminology: nasal - ✔✔nose Regional terminology: occipital - ✔✔back of the head Regional terminology: olecranal - ✔✔back of elbow
Regional terminology: pubic - ✔✔genital Regional terminology: sacral - ✔✔spine Regional terminology: scapular - ✔✔back of shoulder Regional terminology: sternal - ✔✔sternum Regional terminology: sural - ✔✔calf Regional terminology: tarsal - ✔✔ankle Regional terminology: thoracic * - ✔✔chest region Regional terminology: umbilical - ✔✔belly button Regional terminology: vertebral - ✔✔spine reproductive system - ✔✔function: sexual functioning and reproduction; produces and transports gametes and develops offspring; produces sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone key organs: ovaries, uterus, vagina, testes, penis, and prostate
respiratory system - ✔✔function: absorbs oxygen from the air and removes CO from the body key organs: mouth, nose, lungs, bronchi, alveoli Serous fluid - ✔✔thin layer of lubricating fluid that separates membranes Serous membrane (serosa) - ✔✔Thin double layered membranes skeletal system - ✔✔function: physically supports and protects the body and enables movement key organs: bones, cartilage, and ligaments Superficial - ✔✔Near the surface Superior - ✔✔Toward the head Thoracic cavity subdivisions (3) - ✔✔2 plural cavities Mediastinum Pericardial cavity urinary system - ✔✔function: filters waste products from the blood and forms urine which is then excreted from the body
