Anatomy and Physiology Lab, Assignments of Anatomy

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Last Name: Cruz_________________ First Name: Janella Aurice_______________ Ni print ko po tapos hand written sa labelling parts.

1. Describe the pathway food takes upon ingesting it, making sure to include all accessory structures. (0.5 point)

• As food enters your mouth, your teeth begin mechanically breaking down the food into small and smaller pieces. The saliva starts to chemically break it down as well. Soon, your conscious mind says, “lets swallow this food.” You swallow it and take another bite. While you’re thinking about your next bite of food, your nervous system is helping to move the bolus (the food package you swallowed), down throat. A small flap of skin called your epiglottis makes sure your food goes down your esophagus. Movements of the smooth muscles, known as peristalsis help move that bolus down your esophagus. When it reaches your stomach, a sphincter opens and dumps the food in. Inside the stomach, cells start to secrete different acids that help increase acidity to a pH of 2. This strong acidic environment kills most bacteria and starts to chemically break apart the food. Movements of the smooth muscles in the stomach, known as peristalsis mix and churn the food up more. After the food has been well mixed and has a consistency of oatmeal, it is ready to move to the small intestine. At this stage it is known as chyme. To move into the small intestine, chyme must pass through the pyloric sphincter. From here it enters the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. The liver mixes in bile, which helps break down fats in the food. The pancreas also secretes digestive enzymes that aid in digestion. Most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine and moved into the blood stream via a system of small folds, called vili. After the food moves through the small intestine it enters the large intestine. The large intestine is named for the diameter of the cavity and not for the length. It is actually much shorter than the small intestine. The role of the large intestine is to remove any extra water from the digested material before it is finally excreted.

2. Explain the differences between the layers of the gastrointestinal tract. (0.5 points)
   • The mucosa is made up of three layers:
     1. The epithelium is the innermost layer and it is responsible for most digestive, absorptive, and secretory processes.

7. Pharynx the opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx
8. Rugae inner part of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels 9.Commonbile duct storage area for bile 10.Teniaecli folds of the inner wall of the stomach
9. List each type of tooth. How do they function during mastication? (0.5)  - Incisors - Your incisors are eight teeth in the front center of your mouth (four on both bottom and top). These are typically the first adult teeth that a child will get, coming in when the child is between six and eight years old. Incisors are the teeth that you use to bite into your food.  Canines - Your canines are the next teeth that develop in your mouth. You have four of them and they are your sharpest teeth, used for tearing apart food.  Premolars - Premolars are used for tearing and crushing food. Unlike your incisors and canines, premolars have a flat biting surface. You have eight premolars in total.  Molars - Your molars are your largest teeth. Their function is similar to that of the premolars, to grind, tear, and crush food. Molars have a large flat biting surface which makes them perfect for this job.
10. List the accessory and primary structures of the GI tract. Why would accessory structures not be classified as primary organs/structures of the digestive system? (0.5 point) -The alimentary tract of the digestive system is composed of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus. Accessory organs of digestion are organs that secrete substances needed for the chemical digestion of food but through which food does not actually pass as it is digested. The accessory organs include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
11. A patient with cancerous growths in their salivary glands undergoes surgery to have them removed. How might this affect the digestive processes? (0.5 points)

• Nerve damage is possible. There are three nerves that lie close to the submandibular gland and can be damaged during its removal. Most nerve damage occurs as a result of bruising of the nerves while they are held out of the way and protected during surgery.