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Anatomy and Physiology Notes for Chapter 6 - Skeletal System, Lecture notes of Anatomy

These are notes from Module 6 of BIO 141 - Anatomy and Physiology. This module is all about bones, in this unit we will discuss bone structure, classification, and basics. These notes contain detailed information, charts, and pictures as well as links to pictures/websites

Typology: Lecture notes

2022/2023

Available from 05/05/2023

amelia-gorby
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DE BIO 141 Chapter 6 - Skeletal System
Chapter Overview
-Bone structure
-Bone formation
-Bone function
-Bone vocabulary and identification
-Bone injury
TOPIC 6.1 - bone structure and classification
General Skeletal Functions
- Protection
- Movement
- Calcium homeostasis
- Mineral storage
- Hematopoiesis
Bone Basics
- A normal adult skeleton will be seen it 206 bones
- Particular individuals have more or less bones depending on birth defects or growth
patterns
Some of the defects are known as
- Skeletal dysplasia - a genetic disorder (very rare) that causes the
abnormal growth and development of baby's bones, cartilage, and
joins
- Hypochondrogenesis - a severe genetic disorder characterized by
smaller limbs and underdevelopment of the spine and pelvis
- Osteogenesis Imperfecta - a genetic disorder which results in
imperfect bone growth, usually the bones are much easier to
break or fracture
- Key cell types include
-Osteocytes - bone cells
-Osteoblasts - bone making cells
-Osteoclasts - bone destroying cells
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DE BIO 141 Chapter 6 - Skeletal System Chapter Overview -Bone structure -Bone formation -Bone function -Bone vocabulary and identification -Bone injury TOPIC 6.1 - bone structure and classification General Skeletal Functions

  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Calcium homeostasis
  • Mineral storage
  • Hematopoiesis Bone Basics
  • A normal adult skeleton will be seen it 206 bones
  • Particular individuals have more or less bones depending on birth defects or growth patterns Some of the defects are known as
  • Skeletal dysplasia - a genetic disorder (very rare) that causes the abnormal growth and development of baby's bones, cartilage, and joins
  • Hypochondrogenesis - a severe genetic disorder characterized by smaller limbs and underdevelopment of the spine and pelvis
  • Osteogenesis Imperfecta - a genetic disorder which results in imperfect bone growth, usually the bones are much easier to break or fracture
  • Key cell types include
  • Osteocytes - bone cells
  • Osteoblasts - bone making cells
  • Osteoclasts - bone destroying cells

Bone Classification Features Function(s) Examples Long Cylinder-like shape, longer than it is wide Leverage Femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, phalanges Short Cube-like shape, approximately equal in length and width Provide stability and support while still allowing for some motion Carpals, tarsals Flat Thin and curved Points of attachment for muscles, protector of internal organs Sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranial bones Irregular Complex shape Protect internal organs Vertebrae, facial bones Sesamoid Small and round; embedded in tendons Protect tendons from compressive forces Patellae Long Bone Structures

  • Diaphysis - composed of compact bone, filled with yellow marrow, blood vessels and nerves
  • Metaphysis - contains the growth plate
  • Epiphysis - compact bone over spongy bone; filled with red marrow
  • Volkmann’s Canal - opening allowing nerves and blood vessels out of the diaphysis
  • Medullary Canal - central cavity of the diaphysis
    • Lined by the endosteum
  • Periosteum - outer layer of connective tissue surrounding the bone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_bone Bone Marrow
  • Red Marrow - high density of blood cells and main location of blood formation ( hematopoiesis ) - Yellow Marrow - predominantly filled with adipose tissue
  • Marrows are able to “switch” in times of need