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A foundational overview of anatomy and physiology, exploring the relationship between structure and function in the human body. it covers key concepts such as the scientific method, cell theory, and levels of organization, while also introducing essential techniques like medical imaging and dissection. The included question about the difference between anatomy and physiology encourages critical thinking and deeper understanding of the subject matter. This resource is suitable for introductory-level biology or anatomy courses.
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Anatomy
The study of structure
Physiology
The study of function
Inspection
Simply looking at the body's appearance
Palpation
Feeling a structure with the hands, such as palpating a swollen lymph node or taking a pulse
Auscultation
listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lung sounds
Percussion
Examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air
Dissection
Carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships
Cadaver
A dead human body
Comparative Anatomy
The study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends
Exploratory Surgery
Opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what could be done about it. Any breach of the body cavities is risky, however, and most exploratory surgery has now been replaced by medical imaging techniques
Medical Imaging
Methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery
Comparative Physiology
The study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration and reproduction
Anatomy is the structure and physiology is the function. They support eachother b/c when you study a structure, you should know what it does and why it is possible.
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? How do these two sciences support each other?
Cell Theory
Theory that all life is composed of cells.
Scientific method
refers less to observational procedures than to certain habits of disciplined creativity, careful observation, logical thinking, and honest analysis of one's observations and conclusions.
Inductive Method
A process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them
Hypothetico-deductive Method
Most physiological knowledge was obtained by this type of scientific method. Start by asking a question and formulating a hypothesis that is consistent with what is already known and capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence.
Falsifiability
If we claim that something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong.
Psychosomatic Effects
Effects of the subject's state of mind on his or her physiology
Placebo
A substance with no significant physiological effect on the body
Fact
Information that can be verified by any trained person (i.e. the fact that an iron deficiency leads to anemia)
Law of Nature
A generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave. A description!
Bipedalism
Standing and walking on two legs
Evolutionary Medicine
Analyzes how human disease and dysfunctions can be traced to differences between the artificial environment in which we now live, and the prehistoric environment to which Homo sapiens were biologically adapted
Organism
A single individual
Organ System
A group of organs with a unique collective function
Organ
A structure composted of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function
Tissue
A mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and preforms a specific function
Cells
The smallest units of an organism that carries out its individual functions
Organelles
Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions
molecule
a particle composed of at least two atoms
atom
the smallest particles with unique chemical identities.
Reductionism
The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components
Holism
The complementary theory that there are "emergent properties" of the whole organism that cannot be predicted form the properties of its separate parts
