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Williamson- Chapter 5 Anatomy Questions With Correct Answers
tissues - Correct Answer->groups of similar cells with a common function
histology - Correct Answer->the study of tissues
4 major types of tissues - Correct Answer->epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
epithelial tissue function - Correct Answer->protection, secretion, absorption, excretion
connective tissue function - Correct Answer->bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells
muscle tissue function - Correct Answer->movement
nervous tissue function - Correct Answer->conduct impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception
3 intercellular junctions - Correct Answer->tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
tight junctions - Correct Answer->- Membranes between cells merge and fuse
- Located among cells that form linings, sheetlike layers
- Blood-brain barrier
desmosomes - Correct Answer->- form "spot welds" between cells
- structural reinforcement
- located among outer skin cells
gap junctions - Correct Answer->- tubular channels between cells
- molecules can move between cells
- located in cardiac muscle cells
tight junction example - Correct Answer->cells that line the small intestine
desmosome example - Correct Answer->cells of the outer skin layer
gap junction example - Correct Answer->muscle cells of the heart and digestive tract
blood-brain barrier - Correct Answer->selects which chemicals are allowed to cross; protect from toxins and chemical fluctuations
epithelial tissue characteristics - Correct Answer->- Covers organs & body surface
- Lines cavities & hollow organs
- Makes up glands
- Have a free surface on outside & basement membrane on inside
- Usually lack blood vessels; nutrients diffuse from underlying connective tissue
- Cells readily divide; injuries heal rapidly
- lines uterus, stomach, & intestines
pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue - Correct Answer->- single layer, but appears layered
-nuclei at 2 or more levels
- cells vary in shape
- often has cilia, goblet cells
- protection from infection
- lines respiratory passageways
stratified squamous epithelial tissue - Correct Answer->- many cell layers; thick
- protective layer
- outermost cells are flat
- deeper cells are cuboidal
- new cells form, push older cells toward free surface
- skin surface (keratinized=hardened)
- lines oral cavity, vagina, anal canal
stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue - Correct Answer->- 2-3 layers of cube-shaped cells
- More protection than 1 layer
- Lines ducts of mammary, sweat, & salivary glands, and pancreas
stratified columnar epithelial tissue - Correct Answer->-Top layer of elongated cells
-Cube-shaped cells in deeper layers
-Lines part of male urethra, ducts of exocrine glands
transitional (uroepithelium) - Correct Answer->- Many cell layers
- Cube-shaped and elongated cells
- Changes shape with increased tension; stretches
- Line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
glandular epithelium - Correct Answer->composed of cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids
2 types of glands - Correct Answer->endocrine and exocrine
endocrine glands - Correct Answer->glands that secrete into tissue fluid or blood (bloodstream)
exocrine glands - Correct Answer->glands that secrete into ducts that open onto surface (exits body)
2 structural types of exocrine glands - Correct Answer->unicellular and multicellular
unicellular - Correct Answer->composed of one cell
ex: goblet cell (secretes mucus)
multicellular - Correct Answer->composed of many cells; simple or compound
ex: sweat glands, salivary glands
4 structural types of exocrine glands - Correct Answer->simple, compound, tubular, alveolar
simple exocrine glands - Correct Answer->duct does not branch
merocrine glands - Correct Answer->Secrete fluid products by exocytosis; salivary & sweat glands, pancreas
apocrine glands - Correct Answer->Lose small part of cell during secretion; mammary & ceruminous (earwax) glands
holocrine glands - Correct Answer->release entire cells filled with product; sebaceous glands (oil glands)
most abundant tissue type - Correct Answer->connective tissue
connective tissue functions - Correct Answer->- binds structures together
- provide support/protection
- serves as frameworks
- fill spaces
- store fat
- produce blood cells
- protect against infections
- help repair tissue damage
consists of protein fibers and ground substance; consistency varies from fluid to semisolid to solid - Correct Answer->extracellular matrix
extracellular matrix functions - Correct Answer->- scaffolding that organizes & anchors cells into tissues
- relays chemical signals that control cell division and differentiation, tissue repair, cell migration
cancer - Correct Answer->rapidly dividing cells; can convert fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, loosens fibroblast connections, allowing migration of of converted fibroblasts and spreading cancer
liver fibrosis - Correct Answer->Collagen deposition increases, and ECM now exceeds its normal 3% of organ. Damaging agents evoke normal inflammatory response, but if it continues too long, it can block connection between liver cells and blood, perhaps leading to cirrhosis (dead spots)
liver can regenerate
heart failure and atherosclerosis - Correct Answer->Some forms involve excess collagen deposition, which can stiffen the heart or block blood flow
fibroblasts - Correct Answer->- Most common fixed cell
- Large star-shaped cell
- Secrete fibers into extracellular matrix
macrophages (histiocytes) - Correct Answer->- Usually attached to fibers, but can detach and wander
- Conduct phagocytosis
- Defend against infection
mast cells - Correct Answer->- Large, fixed cells
- Release heparin to prevent blood clotting
- Release histamine, which causes inflammatory response
3 types of connective tissue fibers - Correct Answer->collagen, elastic, reticular
collagen fibers - Correct Answer->- Thick threads of collagen, the body's main structural protein
- Great tensile strength and flexible, slightly elastic
- Found in ligaments and tendons
2 categories of connective tissue - Correct Answer->connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue
connective tissue proper: loose - Correct Answer->areolar, adipose, reticular
connective tissue proper: dense - Correct Answer->dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
specialized connective tissues - Correct Answer->cartilage, bone, blood
areolar connective tissue - Correct Answer->- Forms thin, delicate membranes
- Cells are mainly fibroblasts
- Gel-like ground substance
- Beneath most epithelia, where it nourishes nearby epithelial cells
adipose tissue - Correct Answer->- Adipocytes store fat
- Push their nuclei to one side
- Crowd out other cell types
- Cushions and insulates
- Beneath skin (subcutaneous layer)
- Behind eyeballs, around kidneys and heart, spaces between muscles
reticular connective tissue - Correct Answer->- Composed of thin reticular fibers
- Supports walls of internal organs
- Walls of liver, spleen
dense regular (parallel) connective tissue - Correct Answer->- closely packed collagenous fibers
- fine network of elastic fibers
- very strong, withstands pulling
- binds body parts together
- tendons, ligaments, dermis
- poor blood supply; slow to heal
dense irregular connective tissue - Correct Answer->-randomly organized, thick, interwoven collagenous fibers
-can withstand tension exerted from different directions
-dermis of skin
-around skeletal muscles
elastic connective tissue - Correct Answer->- Abundant yellow elastic fibers
- Attachments between bones of spinal column
- Walls of hollow organs, such as large arteries, airways
- Parts of heart
- aortae
- Elastic quality, stretches
cartilage - Correct Answer->- a rigid, specialized connective tissue
- support, framework, attachments
- protection of underlying tissue
- models for developing bone
- matrix contains collagen in gel-like ground substance
- Produces blood cells
- Stores & releases Ca, P
- Attachment sites for muscles
- Forms skeleton
- Contain osteocytes (bone cells) in lacunae (chamber)
2 types of bone - Correct Answer->compact and spongy
compact bone - Correct Answer->- osteoblasts (building bone) deposit matrix in lamellae (layers)
- lamellae (tree rings) occur in rings around central canals
- osteons: cylindrical units formed from osteocytes + matrix + central canal
- osteons cemented together to form compact bone
- blood and nerves
- central canals contain blood vessels; bone is nourished, heals faster than cartilage
blood - Correct Answer->- Cells surrounded by fluid matrix (plasma)
- red blood cells transport gases
- white blood cells defend against infection
- platelets help in blood clotting
- transports substances around body
membranes - Correct Answer->sheets of cells
epithelial membranes - Correct Answer->composed of epithelial and connective tissue; cover body surfaces and line cavities
3 types of epithelial membranes - Correct Answer->serous, mucous, cutaneous
serous membranes - Correct Answer->- Line body cavities that lack openings to the outside
- secrete fluid for lubrication, reducing friction
- inner linings of thorax and abdomen; covers organs
mucous membranes - Correct Answer->- line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body
- lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
- goblet cells secrete mucus
cutaneous membrane - Correct Answer->covers the body surface (skin)
synovial membranes - Correct Answer->composed entirely of connective tissue, line joint cavities
muscle cells are also called - Correct Answer->muscle fibers
3 types of muscle tissue - Correct Answer->skeletal, cardiac, smooth
skeletal muscle tissue - Correct Answer->- Attached to bones
- Striated
- Voluntary
- Multinucleated cells
- Long cylindrical cells
- Stimulated by nerve cells
