BIOL 1120 REEDER
TEST #2 REVIEW
I. Continuing Animal Kingdom Survey
A. Anatomy, physiology, taxonomy, and examples of the following (noting key distinguishing subphyla and
class characteristics):
l. Phylum Chordata
Subphyla: Urochordata (tunicates)
Cephalochordata (amphioxus, lancelets)
Vertebrata (Vertebrates)
Classes: Agnatha (Cyclostomes)
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
Amphibia (toads, frogs)
Reptilia (snakes, lizards)
Aves (birds)
Mammalia (Mammals)
*Note in the various progression of vertebrates the point at which significant, advanced characteristics
made their presence (as 2 to 3 to 4 chambered heart, separation of pulmonary vs. systematic circulations,
total disappearance of the notochord in vertebrate adults, homeothermy, etc.
*Also, phylagenetic relationships.
II. Histology and Organ Systems
A. Four Tissue Types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve
1. Distinguishing characteristics and examples of each type
2. 10 human organ systems: principal functions
III. Anatomy and Physiology of Specific Human Systems
A. Circulatory, or Cardiovascular System
l. Blood: Plasma, Cellular Components (RBC, WBC, platelets)
2. The Heart: Structure, function, flow of blood, valves
3. Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries; general descriptions and functions
4. Hemostasis: Blood clotting
5. Immunity: Nonspecific vs. Specific (Cell mediated and T-cells; Humoral or Antibody mediated and
B-cells); antigens or immunogens and antibodies or immunoglobulins; significance of inflammatory
response and phagocytosis (examples of phagocytic cells)
6. Maintenance of arterial blood pressure (arteriole vasoconstriction & vasodilation); also, blood volume
and myocardial contraction
7. Cardiac Output (SR x SV = L/min.)
8. Cardiac Cycle: systolic, diastolic
9. Lymphatic System: functions
B. Reproductive System
l. Anatomy and physiology of the male (testes, vas deferens, prostate, urethra) and female (ovaries,
oviducts, uterus, vagina)
2. Hormonal influence (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, testes)
a. Male: spermatogenesis, secondary sexual characteristics
b. Female: oogenesis, menstrual cycle (function), secondary sexual characteristics, parturition,
lactation
c. Major hormones: FSH, LH, androgens (testosterones), estrogens, progesterone, oxytocin,
prolactin (generalized overview)
d. Puberty: differences between the sexes
3. Significance of the placenta during pregnancy
4. Embryonic development: zygote, morula, blastocyst, gastrula
a. Gastrulation: triploblastic/endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm