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Metabolic Rate
: The sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism. The metabolic activity of an animal is closely linked to its body temperature since the rate of a chemical reaction increases with temperature. TERM 2
BMR (Basal metabolic rate)
DEFINITION 2 metabolic rate in a fasting and rested condition in birds or mammals. TERM 3
SMR (Standard metabolic
rate
DEFINITION 3 metabolic rate in a fasting and rested condition in a poikilotherm at a given temperature. TERM 4
What are the 2 most common methods of
measuring Metabolic Rate?
DEFINITION 4
- Animal placed in a center surrounded by ice. Measure the rate of the ice melting from the animal. 2) Place an animal into a respirometer. Air enters one end and measure the airflow as compared as the air exits. The activity needs to be performed when the animal is rested otherwise it is hard to determine the Basal metabolic rate. TERM 5
1) Metabolism 2) Body
size
DEFINITION 5 ______ and ______ are inversely related in all animal groups.
Slope =
What is the slope of the inverse relationship? TERM 7
As surface area decreases, the metabolic rate
increases. The slope is .75 and not .67 of
what should be.
DEFINITION 7 Given that there is a relationship between body mass and surface area, give at least two reasons that this could not be the only relationship between body size and metabolism: TERM 8
Heart size Lung volume Metabolic
rate
DEFINITION 8 3 Organs or bodily functions that is proportional to body size: TERM 9
Homeothermic:
DEFINITION 9 regulate their body temperatures within a narrow physiological range. Maintain a constant temperature. Example: Benthic fish TERM 10
1. Inertial
Honeothermy
DEFINITION 10 large size retains heat
Temporal Heterotherms
body temperature varies over time a. Egg laying animals (monotremes) b. Birds/Mammals (small hibernators and torpor c. Camels TERM 17
Benefits of Ectothermy:
DEFINITION 17 a. spend little energy on thermal regulation b. invest more energy into growth and reproduction c. require less food d. Spend less time foraging, more time avoiding predators. e. Require less water f. Be small TERM 18
a. dependant on the environment for warmth
b. lower metabolic rate limits duration of
burst activity
DEFINITION 18 Disadvantages of Ectothermy TERM 19
a. sustain longer periods of intense activity b.
evolve highly efficient specialized enzymes
DEFINITION 19 Benefits for Endothermy TERM 20
Disadvantages of Endothermy
DEFINITION 20 a. require a lot more energy b. spend more time foraging (less time for growth and reproduction) c. food and water intake = high metabolic rate d. high metabolic rate = high respiratory rate = higher evaporation water losses
Aquatic
Environment
body temperature tends to be close to ambient water temperature. The exception is aquatic mammals and large fish TERM 22
Terrestrial
Environment
DEFINITION 22 Maintain body temperature in the 25 40 degrees. TERM 23
Endotherm Ectotherm
DEFINITION 23 Warm blooded Cold blooded TERM 24
Mammals
DEFINITION 24 Which, reptile or mammal, need more food per gram body size? TERM 25
Spend more energy on metabolic rate to
maintain energy
DEFINITION 25 Why is it so costly for an endotherm to be small?
What is the primary reason most diving
mammals do not get the bends?
- they are tolerant to bubbles 2) have mechanisms to avoid bubble formation in spite of supersaturation 3) There is no supersaturation. Seals exhale at the beginning of the dive, rather than diving with filled lungs as a person does. The lungs of a freely diving Weddell seal are estimated to be completely collapsed at a depth of 25 to 50 m, so that no gases can enter the blood. It is unknown of whales also exhale before diving. However Whales have an exceptionally large and wide trachea, which may be an adaptation to enable the whale to ventilate its lungs rapidly when it briefly surfaces to breath. Equally important, the lungs are small, relative to the large volume of the upper airways. therefore, the water pressure compresses the lungs on deep dives and forces air into the large trachea, which is really rigidly reinforced the circular bone rings. So, like the seals, it is believed the lungs are empty at depths > 100 m and no N can be forced in the blood stream. TERM 32
Diving animals are not subject to the narcotic
effects of inert gases (or oxygen toxicity)
simply because they do not breath a
continuous supply of air during the dive.
DEFINITION 32 According to most physiologists, how do diving mammals avoid oxygen toxicity? What about the Narcotic effects of different gases? TERM 33
Be familiar with, and be able to point out
which of the four adaptations diving
mammals have that Schmidt Nielsen lists in
Table 5.5.
DEFINITION 33
- Increase oxygen storage i. Does not allow nitrogen or oxygen toxicity ii. If lungs are particularly large, and animal will have difficulty in initially becoming submerged. However, this would be no problem when the animal reaches a certain depth. 2. Diving animals have much larger blood volume hemoglobin concentration and especially myoglobin TERM 34
How can diving mammals increase oxygen for
use in metabolic processes during a dive with
out increasing, or even decreasing their tidal
volume?
DEFINITION 34 Diving animals have about 1.5 twice the amount of hemoglobin, but can only pack RBCs so much before blood viscosity is reduce; although, they have increased blood volume. Hemoglobin volume is increase, myoglobin is increased, and blood volume is increased This results in an increase of oxygen for use in metabolic processes during a dive without increasing, or decreasing their tidal volume. TERM 35
1. Reduce heart rate 2. Gliding 3. Changes in
blood flow to the major organs
DEFINITION 35 List 3 ways diving animals decrease the amount of energy needed during a dive
Why dont diving animals release the lactic
acid from their muscles until they surface
again?
The blood flow is reduced to very little in the muscles. Myglobin oxygen storage is not sufficient enough to explain energy used in a dive, then energy must be obtained anaerobically. So forth, lactic acid will not be released until after dive is over because the blood flow is increased when surfacing. TERM 37
What is the maximum body temperature at
which almost all animals die? Be able to give
some exceptions.
DEFINITION 37 The maximum body temperature at which almost all animals die is 50 degrees Celsius. The algae in Yellowstone hot springs can survive at 92 degrees Celsius and some chemosynthetic bacteria at hydrothermal vents can survive greater than 100 degrees Celsius. TERM 38
What are the 5 factors suggested at the
possible cause of heat death, and which 2
does Schmidt Nielsen feel are the most likely?
DEFINITION 38
- Denaturation of proteins 2. Thermal and activation of enzymes exceed rates formation 3. Inadequate oxygen supply 4. Different temperature affects on independent metabolic rate 5. Temperature effects on cellular membranes. Schmidt Nielson: 1. primarily affects temperature on cell membrane 2. affects the function of certain enzymes for metabolic rate TERM 39
Define cold hardiness and the 2 basic
categories arctic animals are grouped in.
DEFINITION 39 Cold Hardiness: ability to withstand long periods below freezing. Freeze tolerant are able to have ice form in their bodies Freeze intolerant must avoid formation of ice even in temperatures of -40 to 50 degrees Celsius. TERM 40
Glycerol and glycoproteins are considered
antifreeze compounds. These compounds
bind to water molecules and stops from
making a crystal lattice. This causes the
stopping formation of ice.
DEFINITION 40 Glycerol and glycoproteins are considered antifreeze compounds. These compounds bind to water molecules and stops from making a crystal lattice. This causes the stopping formation of ice.
