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One Review Guide (Complete Study Notes)
A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal
Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes
detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional,
and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and
human-animal interactions. Topics range from
evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food
systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and
behavioural science. All material is structured in a
flashcard-like format, ideal for exam preparation.
2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
What is true about animals in art? - ansWe don't always recognize their aesthetic value When and how did the behavior of animals begin to get documented? - ans17000 BC through cave paintings in the Paleolithic period What was the significance of the painting The White Heifer That Traveled? - ansIt puts the animal at the forefront, which represents the value of the animal Who painted The White Heifer That Traveled? - ansThomas Weaver What do Virgil's Ecologues represent? - ansThey represent the pastoral life following Caesar's assassination What does The Nightmare represent? - ansThere are multiple different interpretations, but Peffer's interpretation is that the incubus resting on Anna Landult represents her rejection of the artist and how she regrets it. Who painted The Nightmare? - ansIt was painted by Henry Ruseli What is the significance of The Girl With Chickens? - ansBecame the main reason why art is part of the school curriculum. Who painted The Girl With Chickens? - ansIt was painted by Marcus Mote What is true about the human-animal bond? - ansWe've been forming it for quite some time When did the human-animal bond begin to exist? - ansExisted long before domestication began, although it has been strengthened by domestication How long ago does domestication stretch back? - ansBetween 15,000 and 17,000 years ago What types of animals can bonds be made with? - ansCan be made with a variety of animals, including companion animals and livestock What is there a growing understanding of about the human-animal bond? - ansThat it is mutually beneficial What is true about bonds with animals? - ansThey can improve human health What is true about animals? - ansThey are symbiotic How long has the relationship between humans and animals been cultivated and why? - ansRelationships between humans and other animals is of mutual benefit and has been cultivated for over 1000s of years, especially since domestication. Humans and animals are interdependent on one another What do we get out of animal systems? - ansFood, companionship, fiber, labor, transportation, service/rescue/therapy, entertainment, slaughter by-products, models, research, energy, and financial stability What was the main reason for animals being domesticated? - ansThe need for a steady food source
One Review Guide (Complete Study Notes)
A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal
Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes
detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional,
and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and
human-animal interactions. Topics range from
evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food
systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and
behavioural science. All material is structured in a
flashcard-like format, ideal for exam preparation.
2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
What is lateral transfer? - ansNutrients that are consumed are directly bioavailable. It is more efficient than conversion What is a good example of lateral transfer and why? - ansMeat, because the body can immediately use the nutrients that are in it as soon as it is digested What is conversion? - ansNutrients must be funneled through something else first before they can be utilized in the human body. There is a greater energy loss than with lateral transfer What is an example of conversion? - ansGoat eats grass, we drink goat milk, we get nutrients What are horses technically considered? - ansThey are technically considered to be livestock, although many people have them as companion animals What types of fiber can we get from animal products? - ansLeather, wool, cashmere, angora, and feathers How can animals be used for labor? - ansWorking in the field, draft purposes, etc. What subculture often uses animals for labor? - ansThe Amish How and why are animals used for transportation? - ansThey can be used in a horse-and- buggy setup in order to move goods from one location to another What types of animals are common in the service/rescue/therapy occupation? - ansDogs, although there are many different species used for therapy What does the ADA classify dogs as? - ansService animals Why can miniature equids be problematic? - ansSome places do not accept them as service animals What exotic animal is often used as a therapy animal? - ansCapuchin monkeys How can animals be used as entertainment? - ansZoo, movies, TV shows, and the circus What do zoos help to do? - ansThey help with conservation efforts What are some examples of products made from slaughter by-products? - ansBlood meal, bone china, violin strings, and intestines can be used for curing meat What do slaughter by-products help to do? - ansThey help to offset the price that we pay for the products that we do buy and eat How can animal models be used? - ansCan give us knowledge that can be applied to another animal system What is a model? - ansIt is a subset of research What must a product do before it can hit the human market? - ansIt must go through the animal market first How can animals be used for testing human products? - ansIntroduce a chemical compound to an animal cell for testing (usually a rat or a mouse is used). If the test is successful, the chemical is then tested on dogs or primates that are more similar to humans
One Review Guide (Complete Study Notes)
A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal
Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes
detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional,
and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and
human-animal interactions. Topics range from
evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food
systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and
behavioural science. All material is structured in a
flashcard-like format, ideal for exam preparation.
2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
What is the recommended dietary intake for protein? - ansSelect a variety of protein foods to improve nutrient intake and health benefits, including at least 8 ounces of cooked seafood per week What is considered to be part of the dairy food group? - ansAll fluid milk products and many foods made form milk are considered to be a part of this food group How has the Food Pyramid changed over the years? - ansIt started out as a pyramid, before a man was added climbing up the side, before it was changed to a plate What distinguishes complete or complementary nutrient sources? - ansAmino acids What are amino acids? - ansThey are the building blocks of protein What are complementary nutrients? - ansThey are things that you can combine with other foods for nutrients What is true about complete nutrients? - ansThey give you all of the essential amino acids What are some examples of complete nutrients? - ansBeef, pork, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy, soy, quinoa, and chia Why are complementary nutrients not always sustainable? - ansIt is due to the cost and the knowledge required What are some examples of complementary nutrients? - ansVegetables, grains, nuts, and seeds What are plant calories? - ansCarbohydrates Where do meat calories come from? - ansFats in the meat In the US, what percentage of our calories come from animal products? - ans67% of US calories come from animal products In the rest of the world, what percentage of the calories come from animal products? - ans33% of global calories come from animal products Where do the US and a lot of the world get most of their protein? - ansThey get most of their protein from animal products What is a big problem globally and why? - ansProtein malnutrition, because there's a restriction in transporting animal products to places that needs them What is true about the US and animal products? - ansThe US overconsumes animal products How does the use of animal products in the diet have a socioeconomic influence? - ansAs we have more expendable income, we put more money towards food, especially animal products. Education also has an influence on the types of products purchased What percentage of money does the US spend on food annually? - ans10% of money is spent on food
One Review Guide (Complete Study Notes)
A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal
Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes
detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional,
and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and
human-animal interactions. Topics range from
evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food
systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and
behavioural science. All material is structured in a
flashcard-like format, ideal for exam preparation.
2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
What percentage of money do other parts of the world spend on food annually? - ans70% of money is spent on food What happens as there is an increase in money? - ansThere is an increase in meat and dairy products consumed What does more money mean from a population standpoint? - ansMore money means more children in the household, but the relationship between money and animal products consumed still holds true What does increased education lead to the purchase of? - ansHigher quality animal products such as seafood What does decreased education lead to the purchase of? - ansLower quality, lower cost animal products such as processed and ground products What is per capita consumption and how is it determined? - ansIt is an estimate of how much you consume on an annual basis and it is determined through a calculation Annually, how many pounds of chicken per person, per year does the US consume? - ans 63 pounds of chicken Annually, how many pounds of lamb/mutton per person, per year does the US consume? - ans1 pound of lamb/mutton What are estimates based on? - ansAppearance and disappearance (pounds of chicken that enter the market and pounds of chicken that leave the market. This number is then divided by the amount of people in the US based on a census. However, it does not include people not counted and food wasted) What animals are on the market? - ansChicken, pork, goat, turkey, fish, sheep, and veal Why is chicken such a popular meat? - ansIt is cheap, uniform, healthy, and readily available What cuts of meat can rival chicken's leanness, and why aren't they bought as often? - ansPork and beef can be just as lean as chicken, but they are more expensive than chicken What is true about pork? - ansThere are more pounds of pork consumed annually than any other product globally What is true about goat? - ansMore people consume goat than any other product, but not by pounds Annually, how many pounds of turkey per person, per year does the US consume? - ans pounds, but a majority of it is consumed around Thanksgiving, meaning that it is a holiday product. The consumption of turkey has not changed a lot in the past few years Why is fish so expensive? - ansCan't increase wild harvest, even though we farm a lot of salmon. Fish is limited by price What has a direct effect on price? - ansAll products are very regional (Maine-lobster, etc.)
One Review Guide (Complete Study Notes)
A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal
Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes
detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional,
and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and
human-animal interactions. Topics range from
evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food
systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and
behavioural science. All material is structured in a
flashcard-like format, ideal for exam preparation.
2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
How many pounds of ice cream does the US consume per person, per year? - ans19 pounds, but that number has not changed much over the years What is true about real ice cream? - ansIt has way more fat in it than what is currently sold on the market Where can cheese come from? - ansSheep, cattle, water buffalo, etc. What is true about the variety of cheese in the US? - ansThere is a very restricted variety How many pounds of American Cheese does the US consume per person, per year? - ans pounds of American Cheese What is American Cheese? - ansVery highly processed cheese. It is not really cheese How many pounds of Italian Cheese does the US consume per person, per year? - ans pounds of Italian Cheese How many pounds of other cheese does the US consume per person, per year? - ans5 pounds of other types of cheese How many pounds of eggs does the US consume per person, per year? - ans33 pounds of eggs How many eggs does the US consume per person, per year? - ansAround 250, but we used to eat around 400. Fluctuations in consumption of eggs are due to a variety of factors What factors influence the consumption of eggs? - ansHealth issues, such as being high in cholesterol (body makes cholesterol, so if you eat more, your body makes less), and salmonella, which causes people to be paranoid ("don't eat raw cookie dough") What percentage of milk is made by Boss Taurus cattle? - ans84% of milk What percentage of milk comes from water buffalo? - ans13%, because it is a prominent source of milk in India. In the US, it is a niche market and is very regional as a result What percentage of milk comes from sheep? - ans1% of milk comes from sheep. They make an impact because they are small, multi-purpose animals What percentage of milk comes from goat? - ans2% of milk comes from goats. They make an impact because they are small, multi-purpose animals What percentage of milk comes from camel? - ans.3% of milk comes from camels Why is camel milk popular in some areas? - ansIt has an increased shelf life and increased stability at room temperature. It can last for a week unrefrigerated How can camel milk stay unrefrigerated for so long? - ansIt has an increased concentration of lactoferrin, which is antimicrobial How can media influence the sale of animal products? - ansOprah said that she was never going to eat a hamburger again after having a guest on her show, which led to a steep decline in beef sales. Farmers sued her and lost
One Review Guide (Complete Study Notes)
A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal
Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes
detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional,
and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and
human-animal interactions. Topics range from
evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food
systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and
behavioural science. All material is structured in a
flashcard-like format, ideal for exam preparation.
2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
What risk can come with animal products? - ansE. Coli and salmonella What can economics do to animal products? - ansThey can influence what people buy How does convenience and value drive the animal product market? - ansChicken industry capitalizes on value added products, especially things like dino-shaped chicken nuggets and chicken cordon-bleu How can beliefs influence what animal products people buy? - ansSome spiritual beliefs forbid you from eating one product, but allow you to eat another What is an example of how perceptions can impact the sale of animal products? - ansPeople's perception of veal caused them to not want to buy it Where does wool come from and what percent of textiles does it represent? - ansIt comes from sheep and represents around 5% of textiles What is mohair and what does it come from? - ansIt is a lower-quality fiber that comes from a goat What is cashmere and where does it come from? - ansIt is a higher-quality fiber and it comes from a goat Where does angora come from? - ansIt can come from either rabbits or goats What is true about camel fibers? - ansThey are typically lower quality than other animal fibers Do animal products make a big contribution to the textile industry? - ansNo. Cotton and synthetic products dominate What are differences in textile prices based on and what can prohibit the use of animal fibers?
- ansDifferences in prices are based on availability and quality of the product. Price can prohibit the use of animal fibers What is conservation agriculture? - ansSustainable practices for smallholder farming systems for erosion control, noxious weed control, and pasture management What does conservation agriculture allow? - ansThe use of animals allows use to farms in tight spaces, which is more sustainable What impact does conservation agriculture have on the land? - ansLess impact on land, because roads don't need to be put in since animals can maneuver where machinery can't What is one of the points of conservation agriculture? - ansTry to restore use of animals in sustainable agriculture, especially draft horses and cattle What is true about transportation infrastructure? - ansIt does not always support the use of motorized vehicles In India, how much revenue does public transportation bring in? - ans$3.1 billion in revenue In India, how much revenue does animal-drawn carts bring in? - ans$5 billion in revenue
One Review Guide (Complete Study Notes)
A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal
Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes
detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional,
and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and
human-animal interactions. Topics range from
evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food
systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and
behavioural science. All material is structured in a
flashcard-like format, ideal for exam preparation.
2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
What animal did scientists learn about cardiac pacemakers, artificial heart valves, and heart transplants from? - ansDogs. The studies were done to benefit humans, but the practices are used in dogs now as well What animal did scientists learn about CAT scans from? - ansThey learned about CAT scans from pigs What animal did scientists learn about organ transplants from? - ansThey learned about organ transplants from pigs and baboons What is xenotransplantation? - ansOrgans from one animal system are put in another animal system What is allotransplantation? - ansOrgans from one human are put into another human What animal did scientists learn about neonatal care from? - ansPigs, because they are good models for human infants, since they develop in the same conditions What animal did scientists learn about leprosy from? - ansThey learned about leprosy from armadillos, since they have a lower body temperature and it was easier to study bacteria What has laproscopy done? - ansIt has caused a shortened hospital stay What was so significant about Dolly the sheep? - ansShe was a successful sheep that had an average lifespan and multiple babies. Scientists used one of her adult mammary cells to establish an embryo, which was the first time in history that scientists were able to establish an embryo from an adult cell What percentages of animals used for research are rats and mice? - ansMice - 44% Rats - 33% Why are mice and rats so popular for use as research models? - ans-Short gestation
- Hit reproductive age early
- Quick weaning
- Can breed again immediately after weaning
- Large litters
- Quick regeneration
- 150 generations in the time we have one
- People tend to be more accepting of mice and rats being used for research as opposed to pigs/dogs/etc. How can mice and rats be used as genetic models? - ans-Knock out or introduce genes to different generations quickly
- Mice would have genetic differences
- Study for cancer, obesity, heart issues
One Review Guide (Complete Study Notes)
A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal
Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes
detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional,
and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and
human-animal interactions. Topics range from
evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food
systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and
behavioural science. All material is structured in a
flashcard-like format, ideal for exam preparation.
2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
What are the benefits of mice and rats being cheap? - ans-The most expensive ones are around $
- Research is expensive by itself What are the benefits of mice and rats being small? - ans-Easy to transport, house, and feed
- Ability to stack mice cages while adhering to space requirements to get money for research
- How the animal stands, moves, lays down Why do some people prefer to conduct research with rats rather than mice? - ans-Bigger
- Easier to handle
- Better temperament than mice What animals are covered by the Animal Welfare Act? - ansDogs, pigs, other farm animals, rabbits, non-human primates, hamsters, guinea pigs, and other animals What percentage of dogs are used for research that are covered by the AWA? - ans7% are dogs What percentage of pigs are used for research that are covered by the AWA? - ans6% are pigs What percentage of other farm animals are used for research that are covered by the AWA? - ans5% are other farm animals What percentage of rabbits are used for research that are covered by the AWA? - ans20% are rabbits What percentage of non-human primates are used for research that are covered by the AWA?
- ans7% are non-human primates What percentage of hamsters are used for research that are covered by the AWA? - ans14% are hamsters What percentage of guinea pigs are used for research that are covered by the AWA? - ans21% are guinea pigs What percentage of other animals are used for research that are covered by the AWA? - ans20% are other animals, including cats, although they are not often used for research When did research labs begin phasing out chimpanzee research and how many permits were requested last year? - ansBegan phasing it out in 2013, and there were no new permit requests last year What types of non-human primates are used for research purposes? - ansChimpanzees, Macaques, Bonobos, and Long-Tailed Monkeys What is true about all non-human primates used for research? - ansThey are all bred in captivity
One Review Guide (Complete Study Notes)
A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal
Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes
detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional,
and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and
human-animal interactions. Topics range from
evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food
systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and
behavioural science. All material is structured in a
flashcard-like format, ideal for exam preparation.
2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
What medical milestones did sheep help bring about and when? - ans-Treatment for Anthrax 1900s
- Hip Replacement Surgery - 1950s
- Advancements In Organ Transplant - 1980s
- Fetal Programming What medical milestones did horses help bring about and when? - ans-Mechanisms of Immunity Discovered - 1900s
- Prevention of Tetanus - 1930s
- Diabetic Model What medical milestones did cows help bring about and when? - ans-Treatment for Smallpox
- 1900s
- Replacement Heart Valves - 1 950s
- Advancements in Organ Transplants - 1980s What can pigs and cattle supply to humans? - ansThey can supply heart valves for humans because they have similarly sized heart valves When is there less concern with xenotransplantation? - ansLess concern when using organs that lack a blood supply What are the things to consider with synthetic organs? - ansMore rigid, potential complications, but longer life expectancy What are the things to consider with natural organs? - ansShorter life expectancy than synthetic, can be rejected What is fetal programming and what is an example of it? - ansIt is how the maternal environment affects the developing fetus. An example is when the mother is stressed, the fetus was born with adverse behaviors Why can horses be used as a diabetic model? - ansThey have a similar glucose level as the Type II population, even if they can't develop diabetes themselves Why could cows be used to discover a treatment for smallpox? - ansThey are a bioreactor and have a large microbial population What are some of the benefits of animal research? - ans-Over 80 medicines developed for humans are used to treat animals (Higher number now. Study was done a while ago)
- Animals with geriatric conditions can be treated with our medicine
- Cataract surgery
- Orthopedic surgery
- Cardiac pacemakers
- Diabetes therapy
One Review Guide (Complete Study Notes)
A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal
Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes
detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional,
and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and
human-animal interactions. Topics range from
evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food
systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and
behavioural science. All material is structured in a
flashcard-like format, ideal for exam preparation.
2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
- In-Vitro Fertilization When did Ringling Brothers officially close down and why? - ansClosed down the week of 1/20/17 because people didn't want to see elephants anymore and as time went on, it just got harder and harder to do a show that people wanted to see What three phases did domesticated animal systems and those that are produced got through?
- ansEvolutionary phase, domestication phase, production phase When did the first mammal appear? - ansAppeared between 210 and 265 million years ago What was the Cambrian Explosion? - ansWhen the first animals appeared approximately 540 million years ago What did the first mammals probably evolve from? - ansA mammal-like reptile What did mammals first develop into? - ansDeveloped into a shrew-like, nocturnal, carnivorous animal When did birds first come into existence? - ansBirds came in 150 million years ago When did humans first come into existence? - ansHumans came in 65 million years ago When did cattle first come into existence? - ansCattle came in around 2.6 million years ago When did the last Ice Age end and what does it coincide with? - ansIt ended around 12, years ago and coincides with domestications How long ago were dogs domesticated? - ansDogs were domesticated between 15,000 and 17,000 years ago How long ago were food animals domesticated? - ansFood animals were domesticated around 5,000 years ago How long ago were cattle and other food animals domesticated? - ansCattle and other food animals were domesticated around 12,000 - 500 years ago How did domestication begin? - ansBegan with us interacting with animals What are the characteristics of evolution? - ans-Happens through events we can't control
- Shaped through genetics, interaction with environment, and social environment of the animal What does domestication involve and what are the two types of involvement? - ansInvolves human involvement. When we first started, we had no idea that we were shaping animals, which was unconscious involvement. When we discovered that we were shaping them, we began deliberately becoming involved with them What is Darwin's Evolution Theory? - ansLiving organisms are constantly evolving, due in particular to the phenomenon of natural selection. Within one species, the individuals that are best adapted to their environment reproduce in greater numbers than the other
One Review Guide (Complete Study Notes)
A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal
Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes
detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional,
and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and
human-animal interactions. Topics range from
evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food
systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and
behavioural science. All material is structured in a
flashcard-like format, ideal for exam preparation.
2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
How many breeds of Galapagos Finches are there? - ansThere are 14 breeds of Galapagos Finches What is an animal's number one instinct? - ansThe number one instinct is for food and a safe environment What is an animal's second instinct? - ansThe secondary drive is to reproduce What do mutations allow species to do? - ansThey allow species to survive differently in different environments What is true about bigger animals? - ansThey are more likely to spread their genetics and traits When did the first horse appear in the US? - ansFirst horse appeared in the US 65 million years ago What was the first horse called and how big was it? - ansIt was called eohippus and was said to be the size of a cocker spaniel, although it is now known to have been bigger than that How many toes did the eohippus have and why? - ansIt had 5 toes to help displace its weight in the swamp-like land that used to make up the US What are vestigial organs and what are some examples? - ansThey are adaptations that were once useful but are no longer needed, such as the appendix or ostrich wings How did the eohippus evolve when the US environment changed? - ansIt resulted in a more stable hindgut, teeth began to change to allow the horse to eat grass, the neck and legs lengthened, and the eyes became more side-facing Where are horses unable to see? - ansThey are unable to see directly in front of them or directly behind them, but they don't need to turn their heads to see peripherals What are the mechanisms of evolutionary change? - ans-Genetic Variation underscores evolution
- Error can occur when cells replicate and can travel to germ cells
- Natural Selection
- Genetic Drift
- Has to be an environment for animal to survive long enough to reproduce
- Somatic cells can have mutations, but they won't be transferred throughout generations How can gene flow/migration underscore genetic variation? - ans-Populations become reintroduced and exposed to each other
- A population in isolation has its own genetics (For example, when two isolated populations are mixed, the genetics are mixed) What cells can pass on mutations? - ansGerm cells can pass on mutations
One Review Guide (Complete Study Notes)
A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal
Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes
detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional,
and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and
human-animal interactions. Topics range from
evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food
systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and
behavioural science. All material is structured in a
flashcard-like format, ideal for exam preparation.
2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
When do mutations occur more quickly? - ansOccur more quickly in animals that have large litters as opposed to a single offspring How can natural selection become detrimental? - ansCan eventually become detrimental as the environment changes What are the characteristics of genetic drift? - ans-Haphazard and random
- No control over it
- Can shape a population by getting rid of animals that have an advantage (For example, herd of good horses can be obliterated with a sinkhole) In what fashion does evolution advance? - ansAdvances by irregular, wholly unpredictable steps that peak and then spread through species What does natural selection allow animals to do? - ansAllows the animal to interact differently with its environment What does an advantage in an environment mean to an animal? - ansMeans that the animal is selected for the environment and any adaptations that it may bring about Why did cattle evolve to have a rumen and why is this an example of natural selection? - ansAllowed them to eat and store grass when there wasn't an adequate diet to support them. This is an example of natural selection because it allowed cattle to live longer without a large food supply, thus ensuring the success of the breed How is artificial selection different than natural selection? - ansArtificial selection is a human involved event that contributes to animals. It does not involve the survivability of an animal. It can be based on appearance or other traits that humans want to proliferate How did humans bring about artificial selection? - ansHumans changed the environment so that it was easier for animals to survive, causing natural selection to relax How did artificial selection help humans to shape animals? - ansAnimals did not need resources for survival, so the resources could be used for variation in appearance What does evolution introduce? - ansEvolution is the process by which diversity is introduced What is the "more accurate" definition of domestication? - ansDomestication is the process by which a population of animals becomes adapted to man and captive environments by some combination of genetic changes occurring over generations and environmentally induced developmental events recurring during each generation (Price 1984) What is the common definition of domestication that is used today? - ansDomestication is considered to be a condition whereby humans control the breeding, feeding, and care of animals
One Review Guide (Complete Study Notes)
A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal
Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes
detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional,
and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and
human-animal interactions. Topics range from
evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food
systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and
behavioural science. All material is structured in a
flashcard-like format, ideal for exam preparation.
2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
Why is the master gene theory the more plausible of the two theories? - ansIt would be easier for a single master gene to make identical changes than it would be for multiple genes to mutate exactly the same way across species What affects the master gene, and what does this affect in turn? - ansInteractions with humans is shared throughout all species and is thought to affect the master gene, which in turn affects docility and tameness What is neoteny? - ansIt is the delay in growth and maturation that results in the retention of juvenile features, playfulness, a younger look, and a cuter appearance What were the farm fox experiments? - ansSomeone used silver foxes, which are normally used for their fur, to test if social interactions with a human was enough to turn on the master gene for docility How did the person running the farm fox experiment choose which foxes to use? - ansHe looked to see which foxes would take food out of a human hand and then bred those foxes for their docility What did the farm fox experiment show? - ansOf the foxes that would eat out of a human hand, only 10% showed signs of domestication other than docility, although many of the foxes chosen showed signs of playful behavior and changes in coat color What can make domestication take longer? - ansDomestication takes a long time, and some animals resist it. Others have traits from evolution that allow them to be domesticated more easily What is true about major species? - ansMajor species have a global impact What is true about minor species? - ansThey have a local impact What percentage of birds have undergone domestication? - ansLess than 1% of birds What percentage of large hooved animals are domesticated? - ansLess than 10% of large hooved animals What types of fish show signs of domestication, and why is it difficult to classify fish as wild or domesticated? - ansKoi and carp show some markers of domestication, but it is hard to say for sure whether they are domesticated because domestication in fish is not clearly defined What are some major species? - ansPigs, cows, goats, horses, sheep What are some minor species? - ansCamels, llamas, alpacas, reindeer, donkeys, and yaks What type of animals are easier to sustain? - ansAnimals that are omnivorous are easier to sustain than carnivores What is true about a cat? - ansIt doesn't show a lot of behavioral signs of domestication, although it is considered to be domesticated
One Review Guide (Complete Study Notes)
A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal
Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes
detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional,
and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and
human-animal interactions. Topics range from
evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food
systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and
behavioural science. All material is structured in a
flashcard-like format, ideal for exam preparation.
2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
What are some social behaviors that support domestication success? - ans-Large social groups with a hierarchy structure
- Promiscuous mating with male dominance (Animals that don't mate for life are more likely to be domesticated)
- Signal reproductive readiness through postures (Allow us to breed in captivity)
- Precocial young
- Short flight distance and low reactivity to humans
- Herbivorous or omnivorous
- Low stress response to confinement (good for animals that are in captivity) What does precocial mean? - ans-Very mature at birth
- Able to stand/flee within hours of birth What is flight distance? - ans-Personal space
- How close something can get to you before you flee When are animals more likely to go into domestication? - ansIf an animal has more features in the support category than it does in the oppose category, it is more likely to be domesticated How have large social groups with a hierarchical structure allowed us to domesticate dogs? - ansWe have a similar system as wolf packs, so we become the head dogs and the dogs follow us as their leader What are some social behaviors that oppose domestication success? - ans-Territorial structure with males in separate groups
- Monogamous matings
- Signals reproductive readiness through color markings
- Altricial young
- Shorter reproductive time
- Long flight distance and high reactivity towards humans
- Carnivorous or specialized feeders
- High stress response to confinement What does altricial mean? - ans-Rely on extensive care for several weeks after birth
- Internal structures are not set at time of birth
- Can't see or hear for several weeks after birth How does a shorter reproductive time help animals? - ans-Mother less at risk
- Puts more energy into lactation than gestation What does a high stress response while in confinement mean for an animal? - ans-Will not do well in captivity
