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Study Notes) A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional, and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and human-animal interactions. Topics range from evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and behavioural science. All material is structured in a flashcard- like format, ideal for exam preparation. 2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide What is true about animals in art? - ansWe don't always recognize their aesthetic value When and how did the behavior of animals begin to get documented? - ans17000 BC through cave paintings in the Paleolithic period What was the significance of the painting The White Heifer That Traveled? - ansIt puts the animal at the forefront, which represents the value of the animal Who painted The White Heifer That Traveled? - ansThomas Weaver What do Virgil's Ecologues represent? - ansThey represent the pastoral life following Caesar's assassination What does The Nightmare represent? - ansThere are multiple different interpretations, but Peffer's interpretation is that the incubus resting on Anna Landult represents her rejection of the artist and how she regrets it. Who painted The Nightmare? - ansIt was painted by Henry Ruseli What is the significance of The Girl With Chickens? - ansBecame the main reason why art is part of the school curriculum. Who painted The Girl With Chickens? - ansIt was painted by Marcus Mote What is true about the human-animal bond? - ansWe've been forming it for quite some time When did the human-animal bond begin to exist? - ansExisted long before domestication began, although it has been strengthened by domestication How long ago does domestication stretch back? - ansBetween 15,000 and 17,000 years ago What types of animals can bonds be made with? - ansCan be made with a variety of animals, including companion animals and livestock What is there a growing understanding of about the human-animal bond? - ansThat it is mutually beneficial What is true about bonds with animals? - ansThey can improve human health What is true about animals? - ansThey are symbiotic How long has the relationship between humans and animals been cultivated and why? - ansRelationships between humans and other animals is of mutual benefit and has been cultivated for over 1000s of years, especially since domestication. Humans and animals are interdependent on one another What do we get out of animal systems? - ansFood, companionship, fiber, labor, transportation, service/rescue/therapy, entertainment, slaughter by-products, models, research, energy, and financial stability What was the main reason for animals being domesticated? - ansThe need for a steady food source What is lateral transfer? - ansNutrients that are consumed are directly bioavailable. It is more efficient than conversion What is a good example of lateral transfer and why? - ansMeat, because the body can immediately use the nutrients that are in it as soon as it is digested What is conversion? - ansNutrients must be funneled through something else first before they can be utilized in the human body. There is a greater energy loss than with lateral transfer What is an example of conversion? - ansGoat eats grass, we drink goat milk, we get nutrients What are horses technically considered? - ansThey are technically considered to be livestock, although many people have them as companion animals
Study Notes) A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional, and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and human-animal interactions. Topics range from evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and behavioural science. All material is structured in a flashcard- like format, ideal for exam preparation. 2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide What types of fiber can we get from animal products? - ansLeather, wool, cashmere, angora, and feathers How can animals be used for labor? - ansWorking in the field, draft purposes, etc. What subculture often uses animals for labor? - ansThe Amish How and why are animals used for transportation? - ansThey can be used in a horse-and- buggy setup in order to move goods from one location to another What types of animals are common in the service/rescue/therapy occupation? - ansDogs, although there are many different species used for therapy What does the ADA classify dogs as? - ansService animals Why can miniature equids be problematic? - ansSome places do not accept them as service animals What exotic animal is often used as a therapy animal? - ansCapuchin monkeys How can animals be used as entertainment? - ansZoo, movies, TV shows, and the circus What do zoos help to do? - ansThey help with conservation efforts What are some examples of products made from slaughter by-products? - ansBlood meal, bone china, violin strings, and intestines can be used for curing meat What do slaughter by-products help to do? - ansThey help to offset the price that we pay for the products that we do buy and eat How can animal models be used? - ansCan give us knowledge that can be applied to another animal system What is a model? - ansIt is a subset of research What must a product do before it can hit the human market? - ansIt must go through the animal market first How can animals be used for testing human products? - ansIntroduce a chemical compound to an animal cell for testing (usually a rat or a mouse is used). If the test is successful, the chemical is then tested on dogs or primates that are more similar to humans Can animals be used as models for other animals and what is an example? - ansYes. Pigs and dogs have similarities, so a pig can become a model for a dog How can models be used? - ansAfter data is gathered, the data is put into programs that can predict the impact on the environment What is research used for? - ansTo improve human conditions, to improve animal conditions, for understanding how different systems work, and to improve animals' efficiency and/or health How can animals and animal products be used for energy? - ansSome countries use elephants to clear trees instead of machines and some countries still burn dung for light and heat How can animals provide financial stability? - ansPeople can sell animals, and animals can go towards a savings account, since anything can be exchanged for goods and services What is an omnivore? - ansA being that eats animals and plants What was likely the earliest omnivore? - ansHomo erectus What is a herbivore? - ansA being that eats only plants What is true about herbivores? - ansThey would have to have a larger gut since they would have to hold on to plants longer to get the nutrients out of them What was likely the earliest herbivore? - ansLucy
Study Notes) A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional, and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and human-animal interactions. Topics range from evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and behavioural science. All material is structured in a flashcard- like format, ideal for exam preparation. 2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide What is a big problem globally and why? - ansProtein malnutrition, because there's a restriction in transporting animal products to places that needs them What is true about the US and animal products? - ansThe US overconsumes animal products How does the use of animal products in the diet have a socioeconomic influence? - ansAs we have more expendable income, we put more money towards food, especially animal products. Education also has an influence on the types of products purchased What percentage of money does the US spend on food annually? - ans10% of money is spent on food What percentage of money do other parts of the world spend on food annually? - ans70% of money is spent on food What happens as there is an increase in money? - ansThere is an increase in meat and dairy products consumed What does more money mean from a population standpoint? - ansMore money means more children in the household, but the relationship between money and animal products consumed still holds true What does increased education lead to the purchase of? - ansHigher quality animal products such as seafood What does decreased education lead to the purchase of? - ansLower quality, lower cost animal products such as processed and ground products What is per capita consumption and how is it determined? - ansIt is an estimate of how much you consume on an annual basis and it is determined through a calculation Annually, how many pounds of chicken per person, per year does the US consume? - ans 63 pounds of chicken Annually, how many pounds of lamb/mutton per person, per year does the US consume? - ans1 pound of lamb/mutton What are estimates based on? - ansAppearance and disappearance (pounds of chicken that enter the market and pounds of chicken that leave the market. This number is then divided by the amount of people in the US based on a census. However, it does not include people not counted and food wasted) What animals are on the market? - ansChicken, pork, goat, turkey, fish, sheep, and veal Why is chicken such a popular meat? - ansIt is cheap, uniform, healthy, and readily available What cuts of meat can rival chicken's leanness, and why aren't they bought as often? - ansPork and beef can be just as lean as chicken, but they are more expensive than chicken What is true about pork? - ansThere are more pounds of pork consumed annually than any other product globally What is true about goat? - ansMore people consume goat than any other product, but not by pounds Annually, how many pounds of turkey per person, per year does the US consume? - ans pounds, but a majority of it is consumed around Thanksgiving, meaning that it is a holiday product. The consumption of turkey has not changed a lot in the past few years Why is fish so expensive? - ansCan't increase wild harvest, even though we farm a lot of salmon. Fish is limited by price What has a direct effect on price? - ansAll products are very regional (Maine-lobster, etc.)
Study Notes) A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional, and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and human-animal interactions. Topics range from evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and behavioural science. All material is structured in a flashcard- like format, ideal for exam preparation. 2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide What is a lamb? - ansA young sheep What is mutton? - ansOld sheep What is true about the consumption of sheep and why? - ansIt is declining because of lack of knowledge about the product and how to cook it. Lamb is also very expensive and lacks consistency in size What is veal? - ansA young cow, usually between the ages of 3 - 24 weeks of age Where does most veal come from? - ansMale calves from the dairy industry, since they cannot be used for milk What has happened as a result of the controversy surrounding the practices used to raise veal?
- ansMany of the practices have since been stopped What makes the youngest calves so expensive? - ansThey are milk fed When are milk-fed/special-fed calves slaughtered? - ansBetween 20 and 22 weeks What are the benefits of individually crating veal calves? - ansIt leads to individualized care and health How many pounds of fluid milk do people drink per person per year? - ans178 pounds of fluid milk What is an example of gain of function? - ansMany adults can digest milk without upset Why can many adults digest milk without upset? - ansThe enzyme lactase develops during late pregnancy, and most adults continue to use the enzyme past infancy. Adults that can successfully digest milk still have gain of function Why did some cultures lose the enzyme lactase? - ansThey didn't drink milk Where is the US in terms of milk consumption? - ans16th How many pounds of milk did we used to consume per year and why have we decreased since then? - ans300, because people used to drink milk with every meal, instead of just breakfast like most adults now do. There has also been an increase in "plant milks" What is the enzyme lactase necessary for? - ansBreaking down milk sugar (lactose) How many pounds of cream does the US consume per person, per year? - ans12 pounds of cream How is cream collected? - ansCream rises to the top of the milk after the cow is milked, where it is then scooped off with a cream spoon How many pounds of yogurt does the US consume per person, per year? - ans15 pounds of yogurt What is yogurt good for and why? - ansProbiotics and digestive health, because there are live bacterial cultures that go through the digestive system. Some die immediately, but some live on and go to the rear gut How many pounds of ice cream does the US consume per person, per year? - ans19 pounds, but that number has not changed much over the years What is true about real ice cream? - ansIt has way more fat in it than what is currently sold on the market Where can cheese come from? - ansSheep, cattle, water buffalo, etc. What is true about the variety of cheese in the US? - ansThere is a very restricted variety How many pounds of American Cheese does the US consume per person, per year? - ans pounds of American Cheese
Study Notes) A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional, and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and human-animal interactions. Topics range from evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and behavioural science. All material is structured in a flashcard- like format, ideal for exam preparation. 2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide What is true about camel fibers? - ansThey are typically lower quality than other animal fibers Do animal products make a big contribution to the textile industry? - ansNo. Cotton and synthetic products dominate What are differences in textile prices based on and what can prohibit the use of animal fibers?
- ansDifferences in prices are based on availability and quality of the product. Price can prohibit the use of animal fibers What is conservation agriculture? - ansSustainable practices for smallholder farming systems for erosion control, noxious weed control, and pasture management What does conservation agriculture allow? - ansThe use of animals allows use to farms in tight spaces, which is more sustainable What impact does conservation agriculture have on the land? - ansLess impact on land, because roads don't need to be put in since animals can maneuver where machinery can't What is one of the points of conservation agriculture? - ansTry to restore use of animals in sustainable agriculture, especially draft horses and cattle What is true about transportation infrastructure? - ansIt does not always support the use of motorized vehicles In India, how much revenue does public transportation bring in? - ans$3.1 billion in revenue In India, how much revenue does animal-drawn carts bring in? - ans$5 billion in revenue In India, what would the cost of replacing animals be and why? - ansThe cost would be $ billion, because animal transportation is still a vital part of recent communities What is true about the use of animal-drawn carts in India and Africa? - ansIt is increasing. There are over 14 million in India and over 75,000 in Africa What is animal power output equal to? - ansIt is equal to about 20% of their body weight, which is equal to about 1/2 of horsepower What is an example of bioenergy? - ansResearchers at the University of Arkansas converted chicken fat to fuel Where does ethanol come from? - ansEthanol comes from corn What can be used as biodiesel? - ansSoybeans can be used as biodiesel What is biodiesel and what percentage of it can be mixed in? - ansThey are products that we can mix with our petroleum base to extend the fuel. Only around 5 - 10% is mixed in What do you have to make sure that chicken fat doesn't do when it is purified and used as biodiesel? - ansYou have to make sure that it doesn't form soap What is true about research on chicken fat as biodiesel? - ansThere were 1,093 articles in 2016, and now there are over 8,000 articles What is the purpose of research? - ansTo discover how life works, to be a model for humans, to be a model for other animals, and for the advancement of the species itself What does Federal Law require? - ansIt requires that animal testing is conducted before most clinical trials involving humans are allowed What is the process for research testing? - ansChemical target is discovered and is tested in a cell --> if it makes it past, put it in a mouse or a rat --> if it shows promise, it goes to a dog --
if it shows promise with the dog, it goes to a primate
Study Notes) A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional, and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and human-animal interactions. Topics range from evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and behavioural science. All material is structured in a flashcard- like format, ideal for exam preparation. 2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide What fraction of Nobel Prizes have been awarded to studies that use animals in their research and what are examples of these experiments? - ans2/3 of Nobel Prizes, genetic studies on mice instead of plants, cornea transplant in humans after studying it in rabbits, discovery of insulin in dogs, studied the pancreas of cattle, purified the insulin, and put it into the human population for diabetes What animal did scientists learn about anemia from? - ansScientists learned about anemia from dogs What is anemia caused by? - ansThe absence of the vitamin B What animal did scientists learn about dialysis from? - ansThey learned about dialysis from pigs and primates What animal did scientists learn about polio from? - ansThey learned about polio from pigs and primates What animal did scientists learn about cardiac pacemakers, artificial heart valves, and heart transplants from? - ansDogs. The studies were done to benefit humans, but the practices are used in dogs now as well What animal did scientists learn about CAT scans from? - ansThey learned about CAT scans from pigs What animal did scientists learn about organ transplants from? - ansThey learned about organ transplants from pigs and baboons What is xenotransplantation? - ansOrgans from one animal system are put in another animal system What is allotransplantation? - ansOrgans from one human are put into another human What animal did scientists learn about neonatal care from? - ansPigs, because they are good models for human infants, since they develop in the same conditions What animal did scientists learn about leprosy from? - ansThey learned about leprosy from armadillos, since they have a lower body temperature and it was easier to study bacteria What has laproscopy done? - ansIt has caused a shortened hospital stay What was so significant about Dolly the sheep? - ansShe was a successful sheep that had an average lifespan and multiple babies. Scientists used one of her adult mammary cells to establish an embryo, which was the first time in history that scientists were able to establish an embryo from an adult cell What percentages of animals used for research are rats and mice? - ansMice - 44% Rats - 33% Why are mice and rats so popular for use as research models? - ans-Short gestation
- Hit reproductive age early
- Quick weaning
- Can breed again immediately after weaning
- Large litters
- Quick regeneration
- 150 generations in the time we have one
- People tend to be more accepting of mice and rats being used for research as opposed to pigs/dogs/etc.
Study Notes) A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional, and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and human-animal interactions. Topics range from evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and behavioural science. All material is structured in a flashcard- like format, ideal for exam preparation. 2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide What are rats and mice that are used for biomedical research covered under and why aren't they covered under the AWA? - ansThey are covered under Public Health Services. It would be redundant for them to be covered by both Why are so many animals used for research purposes? - ans-Need the variety because animals function differently
- Animals aren't a direct match for humans
- No animal can fully capture the human condition
- Use multiple animals to get a more complete picture (For example, chickens can develop ovarian cancer naturally. Have to induce it in other animals) What percentage of other research does animal use contribute to? - ans32% of other research What percentage of education research does animal use contribute to? - ans1% of education What percentage of drug research does animal use contribute to? - ans23% of drug research (majority) What percentage of heart research does animal use contribute to? - ans2% of heart research What percentage of cancer research does animal use contribute to? - ans12% of cancer research, although this is probably increasing in recent years What percentage of vaccines/biology research does animal use contribute to? - ans19% of vaccines/biology research What percentage of toxicity research does animal use contribute to? - ans9% of toxicity research What is required in order to be able to get approval for using animals for research purposes? - ansMust get prior approval for using animals for research purposes What medical milestones did chickens help bring about and when? - ans-Vitamin K Discovered - 1940s
- Process of Vision - 1960s
- Hormonal Cancer Treatment - 1960s
- 1st Molecularly Targeted Cancer Drug - 2001
- Ovarian Cancer Model What medical milestones did pigs help bring about and when? - ans-CAT Scans - 1970s
- Advancement in Organ Transplants - 1980s
- Laproscopic Surgery - 1990s
- Diabetic Model for Heart Disease - 2001 What medical milestones did sheep help bring about and when? - ans-Treatment for Anthrax 1900s
- Hip Replacement Surgery - 1950s
- Advancements In Organ Transplant - 1980s
- Fetal Programming What medical milestones did horses help bring about and when? - ans-Mechanisms of Immunity Discovered - 1900s
- Prevention of Tetanus - 1930s
- Diabetic Model What medical milestones did cows help bring about and when? - ans-Treatment for Smallpox
- 1900s
Study Notes) A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional, and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and human-animal interactions. Topics range from evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and behavioural science. All material is structured in a flashcard- like format, ideal for exam preparation. 2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
- Replacement Heart Valves - 1 950s
- Advancements in Organ Transplants - 1980s What can pigs and cattle supply to humans? - ansThey can supply heart valves for humans because they have similarly sized heart valves When is there less concern with xenotransplantation? - ansLess concern when using organs that lack a blood supply What are the things to consider with synthetic organs? - ansMore rigid, potential complications, but longer life expectancy What are the things to consider with natural organs? - ansShorter life expectancy than synthetic, can be rejected What is fetal programming and what is an example of it? - ansIt is how the maternal environment affects the developing fetus. An example is when the mother is stressed, the fetus was born with adverse behaviors Why can horses be used as a diabetic model? - ansThey have a similar glucose level as the Type II population, even if they can't develop diabetes themselves Why could cows be used to discover a treatment for smallpox? - ansThey are a bioreactor and have a large microbial population What are some of the benefits of animal research? - ans-Over 80 medicines developed for humans are used to treat animals (Higher number now. Study was done a while ago)
- Animals with geriatric conditions can be treated with our medicine
- Cataract surgery
- Orthopedic surgery
- Cardiac pacemakers
- Diabetes therapy
- In-Vitro Fertilization When did Ringling Brothers officially close down and why? - ansClosed down the week of 1/20/17 because people didn't want to see elephants anymore and as time went on, it just got harder and harder to do a show that people wanted to see What three phases did domesticated animal systems and those that are produced got through?
- ansEvolutionary phase, domestication phase, production phase When did the first mammal appear? - ansAppeared between 210 and 265 million years ago What was the Cambrian Explosion? - ansWhen the first animals appeared approximately 540 million years ago What did the first mammals probably evolve from? - ansA mammal-like reptile What did mammals first develop into? - ansDeveloped into a shrew-like, nocturnal, carnivorous animal When did birds first come into existence? - ansBirds came in 150 million years ago When did humans first come into existence? - ansHumans came in 65 million years ago When did cattle first come into existence? - ansCattle came in around 2.6 million years ago When did the last Ice Age end and what does it coincide with? - ansIt ended around 12, years ago and coincides with domestications How long ago were dogs domesticated? - ansDogs were domesticated between 15,000 and 17,000 years ago
Study Notes) A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional, and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and human-animal interactions. Topics range from evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and behavioural science. All material is structured in a flashcard- like format, ideal for exam preparation. 2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide Why can animals evolve and survive? - ansThey are flexible and able to change over time and space What is an example of how species can be selected for their traits in the creation of new variations? - ansNatural selection What does natural selection work with? - ansIt works with existing traits What is an example of natural selection? - ansThe Galapagos Finches beaks' changed slowly over time according to their diet How many breeds of Galapagos Finches are there? - ansThere are 14 breeds of Galapagos Finches What is an animal's number one instinct? - ansThe number one instinct is for food and a safe environment What is an animal's second instinct? - ansThe secondary drive is to reproduce What do mutations allow species to do? - ansThey allow species to survive differently in different environments What is true about bigger animals? - ansThey are more likely to spread their genetics and traits When did the first horse appear in the US? - ansFirst horse appeared in the US 65 million years ago What was the first horse called and how big was it? - ansIt was called eohippus and was said to be the size of a cocker spaniel, although it is now known to have been bigger than that How many toes did the eohippus have and why? - ansIt had 5 toes to help displace its weight in the swamp-like land that used to make up the US What are vestigial organs and what are some examples? - ansThey are adaptations that were once useful but are no longer needed, such as the appendix or ostrich wings How did the eohippus evolve when the US environment changed? - ansIt resulted in a more stable hindgut, teeth began to change to allow the horse to eat grass, the neck and legs lengthened, and the eyes became more side-facing Where are horses unable to see? - ansThey are unable to see directly in front of them or directly behind them, but they don't need to turn their heads to see peripherals What are the mechanisms of evolutionary change? - ans-Genetic Variation underscores evolution
- Error can occur when cells replicate and can travel to germ cells
- Natural Selection
- Genetic Drift
- Has to be an environment for animal to survive long enough to reproduce
- Somatic cells can have mutations, but they won't be transferred throughout generations How can gene flow/migration underscore genetic variation? - ans-Populations become reintroduced and exposed to each other
- A population in isolation has its own genetics (For example, when two isolated populations are mixed, the genetics are mixed) What cells can pass on mutations? - ansGerm cells can pass on mutations When do mutations occur more quickly? - ansOccur more quickly in animals that have large litters as opposed to a single offspring
Study Notes) A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional, and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and human-animal interactions. Topics range from evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and behavioural science. All material is structured in a flashcard- like format, ideal for exam preparation. 2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide How can natural selection become detrimental? - ansCan eventually become detrimental as the environment changes What are the characteristics of genetic drift? - ans-Haphazard and random
- No control over it
- Can shape a population by getting rid of animals that have an advantage (For example, herd of good horses can be obliterated with a sinkhole) In what fashion does evolution advance? - ansAdvances by irregular, wholly unpredictable steps that peak and then spread through species What does natural selection allow animals to do? - ansAllows the animal to interact differently with its environment What does an advantage in an environment mean to an animal? - ansMeans that the animal is selected for the environment and any adaptations that it may bring about Why did cattle evolve to have a rumen and why is this an example of natural selection? - ansAllowed them to eat and store grass when there wasn't an adequate diet to support them. This is an example of natural selection because it allowed cattle to live longer without a large food supply, thus ensuring the success of the breed How is artificial selection different than natural selection? - ansArtificial selection is a human involved event that contributes to animals. It does not involve the survivability of an animal. It can be based on appearance or other traits that humans want to proliferate How did humans bring about artificial selection? - ansHumans changed the environment so that it was easier for animals to survive, causing natural selection to relax How did artificial selection help humans to shape animals? - ansAnimals did not need resources for survival, so the resources could be used for variation in appearance What does evolution introduce? - ansEvolution is the process by which diversity is introduced What is the "more accurate" definition of domestication? - ansDomestication is the process by which a population of animals becomes adapted to man and captive environments by some combination of genetic changes occurring over generations and environmentally induced developmental events recurring during each generation (Price 1984) What is the common definition of domestication that is used today? - ansDomestication is considered to be a condition whereby humans control the breeding, feeding, and care of animals Why is the common definition of domestication not as accurate as the older version? - ansThe common definition doesn't distinguish between animals that are maintained in captivity, such as zoo animals, and animals that are truly domesticated What do domesticated animals' systems do? - ansTheir systems adapt to humans and a human environment, and these adaptations are passed down from generation to generation What is the difference between a domesticated environment and an evolutionary environment? - ansWith domestication, the environment is a social one, where an evolution environment was based on survival What are markers of domestication? - ansMarkers of domestication are features that domesticated animals share regardless of species
Study Notes) A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional, and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and human-animal interactions. Topics range from evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and behavioural science. All material is structured in a flashcard- like format, ideal for exam preparation. 2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide What can make domestication take longer? - ansDomestication takes a long time, and some animals resist it. Others have traits from evolution that allow them to be domesticated more easily What is true about major species? - ansMajor species have a global impact What is true about minor species? - ansThey have a local impact What percentage of birds have undergone domestication? - ansLess than 1% of birds What percentage of large hooved animals are domesticated? - ansLess than 10% of large hooved animals What types of fish show signs of domestication, and why is it difficult to classify fish as wild or domesticated? - ansKoi and carp show some markers of domestication, but it is hard to say for sure whether they are domesticated because domestication in fish is not clearly defined What are some major species? - ansPigs, cows, goats, horses, sheep What are some minor species? - ansCamels, llamas, alpacas, reindeer, donkeys, and yaks What type of animals are easier to sustain? - ansAnimals that are omnivorous are easier to sustain than carnivores What is true about a cat? - ansIt doesn't show a lot of behavioral signs of domestication, although it is considered to be domesticated What are some social behaviors that support domestication success? - ans-Large social groups with a hierarchy structure
- Promiscuous mating with male dominance (Animals that don't mate for life are more likely to be domesticated)
- Signal reproductive readiness through postures (Allow us to breed in captivity)
- Precocial young
- Short flight distance and low reactivity to humans
- Herbivorous or omnivorous
- Low stress response to confinement (good for animals that are in captivity) What does precocial mean? - ans-Very mature at birth
- Able to stand/flee within hours of birth What is flight distance? - ans-Personal space
- How close something can get to you before you flee When are animals more likely to go into domestication? - ansIf an animal has more features in the support category than it does in the oppose category, it is more likely to be domesticated How have large social groups with a hierarchical structure allowed us to domesticate dogs? - ansWe have a similar system as wolf packs, so we become the head dogs and the dogs follow us as their leader What are some social behaviors that oppose domestication success? - ans-Territorial structure with males in separate groups
- Monogamous matings
- Signals reproductive readiness through color markings
- Altricial young
- Shorter reproductive time
- Long flight distance and high reactivity towards humans
Study Notes) A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional, and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and human-animal interactions. Topics range from evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and behavioural science. All material is structured in a flashcard- like format, ideal for exam preparation. 2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
- Carnivorous or specialized feeders
- High stress response to confinement What does altricial mean? - ans-Rely on extensive care for several weeks after birth
- Internal structures are not set at time of birth
- Can't see or hear for several weeks after birth How does a shorter reproductive time help animals? - ans-Mother less at risk
- Puts more energy into lactation than gestation What does a high stress response while in confinement mean for an animal? - ans-Will not do well in captivity
- Won't eat, reproduce, or pass on genetic changes What animals are less likely to go into domestication? - ansAnimals that have features in the oppose category are less likely to go into domestication Why is a gazelle so hard to domesticate? - ansIt has a long flight distance and is highly reactive to humans Do animals fall strictly into supporting or opposing domestication categories? - ansNo. Animals can show opposing characteristics and still be domesticated, unless there is a majority of opposing characteristics What animal is the exception to the support/oppose system and why? - ansThe pigeon, because it is domesticated, but it displays many opposing behaviors What type of vision do prey animals typically have? - ansThey often have 360 degree monocular vision According to Darwin, what is domestication? - ansDomestication is more than taming. In an animal society, what changes and is passed on through generations? - ansAttributes in an animal system change and are passed on through generations Why is breeding in captivity important? - ansHave to be able to breed in order to have genetic and developmental events occur. If animals can't breed, you won't see the genetic shifts and changes In what ways was domestication goal oriented? - ansThe original purpose of domesticating animals was to use them for food. Humans were involved and have a purpose for seeking animals out. At first, it was an unconscious event, but now it is a conscious one How does domestication increase reproductive ability? - ansIt increases the number of animals weaned, since mortality is high in unweaned animals in the wild. Also, domesticated animals have larger litter sizes and greater reproductive success, since humans give them an environment where is is easy for them to do well How does domestication bring out the atrophy of certain organs and what's an example? - ansDomesticated animals weren't using features that they used in the wild. Some animals lost specific genes, but some had specific organ systems atrophy. The biggest example is the brain. There was a reduction in brain size to body size in both domesticated mink and pigs when compared to their wild counterparts How does domestication enable animals to achieve greater plasticity? - ansAnimals are adaptable, and they were able to survive in a domestic environment and therefore were able to breed
Study Notes) A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional, and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and human-animal interactions. Topics range from evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and behavioural science. All material is structured in a flashcard- like format, ideal for exam preparation. 2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide What did domestication first begin with and what did it move to? - ansDomestication first began with plants but then moved to animal systems after the first Ice Age, mostly due to climate change When were most humans hunter-gatherers and why? - ansMost were farmers in 8000 BC (Holocene) and were a benefit of agrarian society Why did many different domestication events happen at the same time in different places? - ansThis happened due to changes in the environment worldwide What does the end of the Ice Age and the beginning of domestication mark? - ansMarks the transition from hunter-gather into agrarian societies What happened when the population rapidly increased? - ansMigration with animals was not capable, and it became harder to move with the hunted animals as the population grew. As a result, we started keeping animals near us How did hunting become unsustainable? - ansThere were a large number of people hunting animals, meaning that humans had to begin traveling farther and farther to hunt, since animals were no longer near us What resource besides animals led us to keep animals near us? - ansThe areas we were in weren't meeting the wood demand What did water resources lead to? - ansLed to an increase in community living and keeping animals near us so that we would have a ready supply of animals How did humans originally unintentionally domesticate animals? - ansHumans imposed restriction of animal movement, which led to control over animals in the wild How did humans gain control over captive wild animals? - ansHumans began to capture and rear young animals, while slaughtering the mature male animals. Males were slaughtered once mature to control aggression How did humans begin breeding captive animals? - ansThey began to keep a few of the older males and breeding-age females so that they didn't have to continually reestablish the animal population How did humans begin creating morphological changes in captive animals? - ansHumans began intentionally selecting animals for a purpose, or selecting animals for certain features, which ultimately changed how the animal appeared What did humans cause the master gene to do? - ansHumans caused the master gene to turn on, which made animals become more docile as time went on What happened to animals that lived in our social environment? - ansThey became domesticated, although humans didn't have a lot of control over it initially What does archaeological evidence look at when trying to determine when animals were domesticated? - ans-Changes in skeletal size
- Changes in horn shape and size
- Male and female ratios (evidence of breeding)
- Look for changes in animals from its wild counterpart When were dogs said to be domesticated, according to archaeological evidence? - ansDogs were domesticated anywhere from 7,000 - 12,000 years ago What does DNA evidence rely on to determine when animals were domesticated? - ans- Ancient mitochondrial DNA providing evidence of divergence
Study Notes) A comprehensive review for Midterm One of Animal Science 2200 at Ohio State University. It includes detailed Q&A covering historical, biological, nutritional, and behavioural aspects of animal domestication and human-animal interactions. Topics range from evolutionary theory and domestication processes to food systems, animal products, conservation agriculture, and behavioural science. All material is structured in a flashcard- like format, ideal for exam preparation. 2025/2026 Updated Exam Study Guide
- Can take DNA from wild samples, ancient samples, and modern samples
- Can make predictions of general time and domestication Which parent is mitochondrial DNA passed down from? - ansIt is passed down from the mother By DNA evidence, how long ago did the wolf transition to the dog? - ansThe wolf transitioned to the dog around 37,000 years ago according to DNA evidence Where is it said that horses came from? - ansIt is said that horses likely came from one horse population where there were a lot of females, but fewer males What is true about the timeline for domestication? - ansThere is no specific timeline for domestication What animals were domesticated in Meso and South America? - ansDogs, turkeys, alpacas, guinea pigs, llamas, and ducks were domesticated in Meso and South America What animal was domesticated in Europe? - ansPigs were domesticated in Europe What animals were domesticated in the Near East? - ansGoats, pigs, and cattle were domesticated in the Near East What animals were domesticated in Southwest Asia? - ansPigs, camels, dogs, chickens, horses, sheep, and ducks were domesticated in Southwest Asia What animals were domesticated in Southeast Asia? - ansPigs, chickens, dogs, and ducks were domesticated in Southeast Asia Between what latitudes were animals typically domesticated in? - ansBetween 35 degrees N and 32 degrees S What things were domesticated in the tropics? - ansPlants and animals for draft purposes were domesticated in the tropics. There was adequate fishing and hunting in the tropics What animals were domesticated in the mountainous regions? - ansHard to track animals were domesticated in the mountainous regions What did the wet and dry seasons mean to humans? - ansThere was a less secure food supply during the wet and dry seasons How long ago did a lot of domestication occur? - ansA lot of domestication occurred around 10,000 - 12,000 years ago How long ago were pigs domesticated and why are they special? - ansPigs were domesticated 9,000, 5,000, and 3,000 years ago in three to four different places. The domesticated pigs couldn't be moved from one country to the next or they would die How did animals spread from domestication centers? - ansAnimals spread from domestication centers locally or by humans How many founder populations did cattle have? - ansCattle had at least two founder populations. Boss Taurus cattle had 80 females from one location Where were goats domesticated in general? - ansGoats were domesticated in three different locations, in higher regions of the world Where were sheep domesticated in general? - ansSheep were domesticated in two locations, in low-lying mountainous regions How many different locations were dogs domesticated in? - ansDogs were domesticated in two different locations
