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The equilibrium potential for K+ is greater than that of Na+ because a. K+ is heavier than Na+ which slows its movement b. The Nerst equation predicts a greater temperature effect on the K+ ion c. The concentration gradient is greater for this ion d. more channels are open for each of the permeating ions ANSWERV ¥ c. the concentration gradient is greater for the this ion At Vm the plasma membrane is most leaky to which ion? c. A- d. Cat— e. Nat ANSWERV V K+ Cell membrane have a structure with the polar head groups of the phospholipids facing toward the aqueous environment and the facing toward the interior of the membrane a. bilayer, hydrophilic tails b. bilayer, hydrophobic tails ¢. micellar, hydrophilic tails d. liposomal, hydrophilic tails e. liposomal, hydrophobic tails ANSWERV ¥ b. bilayer hydrophobic tails the larger the concentration gradient for an permanent ion through the membrane a. the greater is the measured equilibrium potential for that ion b. the smaller the measured equilibrium potential for that ion c. the less potential movement of that ion down its concentration gradient d, the more resistant the membrane of the cell is to the movement of that ion ANSWERV / a. the greater is the measure equilibrium potential for that ion during the threshold and rising phase of an action potential a. Nat channels are completely closed b. the inside of the cell has returned to Vm c. There is an influx of Na! current into the cell ¢, active transport of Cl- into the cell ¢. none of the above ANSWERV ¥ e. there is an influx of Na+ current into the cell which of the following animals would you expect to have the greater number of unsaturated fatty acids (double bonds) in the plasma membranes of its cells? a. tropical fish b. jelly fish c¢. migratory birds d. arctic salmon ANSWERV ¥ d. arctic salmon membrane potential refers to a. a separation of charges cross the membrane b. the diffusion of ions down their concentration gradicnts c. the virtual impermeability of the cell to A- muscle fatigue is likely caused by: a. a local increase in ADP and inorganic phosphate concentration resulting from ATP breakdown b. a reduction in lactate content c. the inerease in intracellular Ca 2+ concentrations in response to the repeated stimulation ANSWERV ¥ a local increase in ADP and inorganic phosphate concentration resulting from ATP breakdown the most critical property (according to zero sum game) of a 'red' muscle that contracts and relaxes slowly and whose activity is sustained (no resting periods) for lengthy periods of time (c.g.: cruising muscles of tuna) include: a. extensive development of the sarcoplasmic reticulum b. low relative myofibrillar volume c. high glycogen content d. increase in relative mitochondrial volume e. all of the above ANS WERY ¥ increase in relative mitochondrial volume factors that facilitate venous return include a. valves b. large radius c. skeletal muscle contraction d. cardiac suction effect e. al of the above ANSWERYV ¥ all of the above which of the following does not have 'pacemaker' activity a. Purkinje fibers b. SA node c. AV node d. Bundle of His e. None of the Above ANSWERV V none of the above blood flow to a particular tissue can be rapidly changed due to: a. changes in the radius of an arteriole b. decreasing the length of vessel c. colloid osmotic pressure generated by plasma ion s d. inereasing the interstitial fluid tension surround the arteriole ANS WERV V a. changes in the radius of an arteriole lymphatic drainage in the mammalian lung is comparatively low because a. cardiac output is higher from the right ventricle b. the lung contains an elevated number of the lymphatic vessels ¢. right ventricular pressure exceeds that of the left ventricle e d. capillary flow is maintained by lower input pressures e.aand c ANSWERV ¥ d. capillary flow is maintained by lower input pressures the electrocardiogram of an animal arises from a the period when no current is flowing in the heart b the electrical currents generated in cardiac muscle during depolarization and repolarization ¢. contraction of the atria and ventricles d. relaxation of the atria and ventricle d. none of the above ANSWERV V none of the above electrical synapses propagate signa a. using glutamate b. through gap junctions c. using neurotransmitters d. using dopamine e. through synaptic clefts ANSWER V using neurotransmitters the term used to describe the summing of several EPSP's occurring very close together in time beaches of successive firing of a single presynaptic neuron is a. temporal summation b. presynaptic inhibition ¢. spatial summation d. phasic receptor e. none of the above ANSWERV ¥ temporal summation the adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion the releases which in turn binds to receptors on a. epinephrine, smooth muscles b. epinephrine, striated muscle c. acetylcholine, smooth muscle d. acetylcholine, striated muscle e. none of the above ANSWERV ¥ a. epinephrine smooth muscles bending of the sterocilia (hairs) of the basilar membrane a. leads to ion movements b. results in a receptor potential c. does not lead to a change in the position of the stationary tectorial membrane d. all of the above ANSWERV V all of the above amplification of the initial signal by a second messenger system ensures a. sufficient entry of neurotransmitter into the postsynaptic membrane b. that low concentrations of extracellular messengers can trigger a pronounced cellular response c. that propagation of an action potential is not affected by the myelin sheath d. none of the above ANSWERV ¥ b. that low concentrations of extracellular messengers can trigger a pronounced cellular response perception of the strength of a stimulus is determined by a. salutatory conduction b. myelination of the fiber c. the diameter of the fiber d. the frequency of action potenti e. Schwann cells ANSWERV ¥ the frequency of action potentials an IPSP is produced by the net movement of which ion(s): a. Nat b. K+ ce. Cl- a. lining the walls of the gut b. maintaining posture in an animal ¢. anaerobic sprints to escape a predator d. lining the walls of arterioles e. all of the above ANSWERV ¥V maintaining posture in an animal injection of somatotropin into lactating cow results in the following : a. increase in milk yield b. increase in mineral and fat concentrations in the milk ¢. reduced quantity of nutrients in the milk d. reduction in overall milk yield but increased fat and protein content ANSWERV J/ inerease in milk yicld During the process of calcification of the egg a. concentration of calcium of calcitonin are elevated b. concentrations of Vit D3 are decreased c. concentrations of PTH are increased d. concentrations of calbindin in the intestinal epithelia are low e. none of the above ANSWERV V¥ e. none of the above A so0called "direct" effect of growth hormone (somatotropin)would be : a. an increase in lipolysis b. a decrease in the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenosis) c. a lengthening of epiphyseal plate d. activation of chondrocytes in the epiphysis ANSWERV V an increase in lipolysis The sarcoplasmic reticulum : a. transfers the action potential deep into a muscle fiber b. surrounds the mitochondria in a sac like fashion ¢. stores Ca++ ion for the use in binding to troponin d.aand b e. none of the above ANSWERV ¥ Stores Ca++ ion for the use of binding troponin If The hypothalamus of an axolotl, an amphibian, ts cauterized or if a barrier is placed between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary, which of the following hormones increases in concentration? a, ACTH b. prolactin ¢. luteinizing hormone d. MSH e. band d ANSWERV ¥ prolactin Factors that facilitate venous return include a. valves b. large radius c. skeletal muscle contraction d. cardiac suction effect e. all of the above ANSWERV ¥ ‘all of the above smooth muscles lining the arteriole are richly supplied with a. elastin 
